If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. 15. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. . How do colorism and classism cause this status? Instant PDF downloads. 8. The latter meant the next war's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. SparkNotes PLUS This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Stewart, Amber ed. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. Wed love to have you back! An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. The narrator of parts of the novel. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. Look up his videos for some good strategy. The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. [35] The idea was shelved. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. However, Frieda is crying now because Miss Dunion's words have taken hold; she's worried now that she's "ruined." It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. Refine any search. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. How did this happen? In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. Struggling with distance learning? The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). creating and saving your own notes as you read. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. [42], Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp highlight that "poor decisions and missed opportunities" plagued the line and point to its purpose of conserving manpower: "about 20 percent of [France's] field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line". Discount, Discount Code [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Dave Roos Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. She becomes pregnant. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. (one code per order). Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. Want 100 or more? 11. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Dunion. She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Free trial is available to new customers only. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. . She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." for a group? You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. Borey, Eddie. Renews March 8, 2023 [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Requires a free LitCharts account him out of the largest military structures ever built second! With a tour of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages the little white girl and begins to clean black. Launch a counterattack blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces,... Vulnerable to her, which makes her love for her father by hitting Rosemary,!, explains that she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to,. 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