Match. It was clear that larger groups are needed to provide good numbers to allow each separate race caucus group can open up and discuss. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Low Voter Turn Out The largest disadvantage to caucus is low voter turn out. As noted earlier in this chapter, the shortcomings of the system became painfully evident in 1800, when Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr finished tied, thus leaving it to the House of Representatives to elect Jefferson.[3]. This is somewhat controversial because some feel Iowa is not representative of the majority of the country. Advantages Primaries present a large choice of candidates. A primary is a preliminary election in which voters of each party nominate candidates for office. A voter goes to polls and casts their ballot for who they want to be the candidate for their party in the general election. Transportation costs were an additional$350. advantages and disadvantages of primaries and caucusesprescription glow in the dark contacts. Most democratic as average registered voters chose the state's delegate to the party convention. That is, as each state assigns it electoral votes, it would do so based on the popular vote percentage in their state, rather with the winner-take-all approach almost all the states use today. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations before and after Reform. Match. And this means caucuses can get pretty lively at local, The Iowa caucuses are particularly important in the presidential nominating process. (30 marks) The outsider phenomenon has been most clearly demonstrated, however, in the 2016 presidential nominating process, as those distrusted by the party establishment, such as Senator Ted Cruz and Donald Trump, who never before held political office, raced ahead of party favorites like Jeb Bush early in the primary process. Todays long campaign seasons are seasoned with a seemingly ever-increasing number of debates among contenders for the nomination. One potential solution to the problems with the Electoral College is to scrap it all together and replace it with the popular vote. It is very much in the vein of town hall meetings. c. is a goal that is rarely achieved, because the Fed can determine only the money supply. 5. In addition to favoring small states, since individual votes there count more than in larger states due to the mathematics involved in the distribution of electors, the Electoral College results in a significant number of safe states that receive no real electioneering, such that nearly 75 percent of the country is ignored in the general election. The rise of the primary system during the Progressive Era came at the cost of party regulars control of the process of candidate selection. Creative Commons Attribution License The top two vote-getters in the primary run against each other in the general, regardless of what party they are from. 0000001401 00000 n The Advantages and Disadvantages of a 15-Year vs. 30-Year Mortgage. By the end of this section, you will be able to: The process of electing a president every four years has evolved over time. Todays long campaign seasons are seasoned with a seemingly ever-increasing number of debates among contenders for the nomination. Over the course of the century, the primaries gradually became a far more important part of the process, though the party leadership still controlled the route to nomination through the convention system. And this means caucuses can get pretty lively at local precincts. In this system, the ballot has all the candidates on it, not separated by party. is a meeting of party leaders or party members to select candidates, elect convention delegates, and establish the partys policy position on specific issues. The word can also be a verb for meeting in this way (e.g.. is unknown. This became important in that election when Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and the largest number of electors, but the presidency was given to John Quincy Adams instead. In addition to favoring small states, since individual votes there count more than in larger states due to the mathematics involved in the distribution of electors, the Electoral College results in a significant number of safe states that receive no real electioneering, such that nearly 75 percent of the country is ignored in the general election. It is this pluralism and testing of candidates by multiple means that beats out any single method of nomination. For instance, a Republican in Texas could vote for the Democratic presidential nominee. The rise of the presidential primary and caucus system as the main means by which presidential candidates are selected has had a number of anticipated and unanticipated consequences. The writer was a member of the Rules Committee for the 2000 Democratic National Convention and the D.C. Democratic Partys commission to write the delegate selection plan. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . By the 1980s, the convention drama was gone, replaced by a long, televised commercial designed to extol the partys greatness. Advantages. JEWITT: No, that is not one of the reasons that we often hear states saying that they're going to switch to a primary. , June 2015 Government and Politics AQA 3A and 4A , increased level of participation by ordinary voters; 2004 - 14%/2008 - 30%/2016 - 28%, increased level of interest; in the democratic race 2008 and 2016 election, increased choice of candidates; 2016 17 Reps and 6 Dems and in 2008 there were 14, opening up the process to outsider candidates; Bill Clinton and Obama and Hilary, significantly diminishing opportunities for corruption by doing away with the old smoke filled rooms, weeding out candidates not up to the gruelling process, voters are unrepresentative of typical general election voters; more elderly, more ideological, better educated, more wealthy, makes the process far too long which may discourage some better qualified candidates from running, bitter personal battles can develop; Obama and Clinton - Trump and Hilary, fails to test a number of important presidential qualities, lack significant input from professional politicians, with too much power being given to ordinary voters. Only once since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, during the election of 1824, has the House selected the president under these rules, and only once, in 1836, has the Senate chosen the vice president. The popular vote would be the aggregated totals of the votes in the fifty states and District of Columbia, as certified by the head election official of each state. A second solution often mentioned is to make the Electoral College proportional. Mar 9, 2022 OpenStax. A third alternative for Electoral College reform has been proposed by an organization called National Popular Vote. [2] Currently, the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary occur first. They also discuss the party platform and organize election volunteers. Once true contests in which party leaders fought it out to elect a candidate, by the 1970s, party conventions more often than not simply served to rubber-stamp the choice of the primaries. 0000002109 00000 n Minnesota, Kansas, Maine and Utah are among the states that are making the switch. At other times in the campaign process, some states will maximize their impact on the race by holding their primaries on the same day that other states do. is a preliminary election in which voters of each party nominate candidates for office. A voter goes to polls and casts their ballot for who they want to be the candidate for their party in the general election. Flashcards. You can imagine that if he becomes the Democratic nominee and then goes on to win the general election, his supporters, his campaign are not going to advocate that Iowa lose its position. 0000000760 00000 n The 2016 election brought another such irregularity as Donald Trump comfortably won the Electoral College by narrowly winning the popular vote in several states, while Hillary Clinton collected nearly 2.9 million more votes nationwide. Supporters of the current system defend it as a manifestation of federalism, arguing that it also guards against the chaos inherent in a multiparty environment by encouraging the current two-party system. Several weeks later, the electoral votes are counted and the president is formally elected. 0000003445 00000 n If youre confused on this point, youre not alone. From the article, it is clear to see that a race caucus could be extremely helpful on larger college campuses. A caucus is "a meeting of party leaders or party members to select candidates, elect convention delegates, and establish the party's policy position on specific issues.". How Do You Pronounce The Word "Candidate"? Home > A Level and IB > Government & Politics > Assess the advantages & disadvantages of primaries and caucuses. As with any election system, the caucus system of selecting candidates has its disadvantages. Most states have primaries, some open, some closed. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The caucus or large-scale gathering was made up of legislators in the Congress who met informally to decide on nominees from their respective parties. The rise of the presidential primary and caucus system as the main means by which presidential candidates are selected has had a number of anticipated and unanticipated consequences. See the Chapter 12.2 Review for a summary of this section, the key vocabulary, and some review questions to check your knowledge. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The general election usually features a series of debates between the presidential contenders as well as a debate among vice presidential candidates. The top two vote-getters in the primary run against each other in the general, regardless of what party they are from. Yet movements for electoral reform, including proposals for a straightforward nationwide direct election by popular vote, have gained little traction. Washington and California have what are variously known as. @f(w{S>Ik)3N:\y;>7'3rVgr!hysg`#f3^y_WR133/'o c32-j It gets more complicated, though, as some states may mix primaries and caucuses, using them for different parts of the voting system (such as caucusing only to pick delegates for a convention) or different parties using different systems (in Kentucky, Republicans use caucuses but Democrats use primaries). Clifton B. Parker, "Now We Know Why Its Time to Dump the Electoral College," The Fiscal Times, 12 April 2016. CORNISH: Minnesota gave this reason, right? Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. People who support the Iowa caucuses going first argue, however, that it is necessary for candidates to have an, Election caucuses are losing ground. Other states, such as Pennsylvania, have. [4] Critics, on the other hand, charge that the current system negates the one-person, one-vote basis of U.S. elections, subverts majority rule, works against political participation in states deemed safe for one party, and might lead to chaos should an elector desert a candidate, thus thwarting the popular will. The Deadlocked Election of 1800: Jefferson, Burr, and the Union in the Balance. In this system, the ballot has all the candidates on it, not separated by party. set of questions: 1) what are the advantages and disadvantages of regional primaries, and 2) how likely are they to be adopted? Chicago: University of Chicago. 1. boosts economy of state media attention 2. all candidates will go to these states because early indication of how candidate will perform, favour candidates with money and media profile- primaries more expensive than caucuses, Early scheduling gives candidates who did well in the invisible primary an advantage. JEWITT: I don't think so, right? They point out that under a system of direct election, candidates would focus their efforts on more populous regions and ignore others.20 Critics, on the other hand, charge that the current system negates the one-person, one-vote basis of U.S. elections, subverts majority rule, works against political participation in states deemed safe for one party, and might lead to chaos should an elector desert a candidate, thus thwarting the popular will. In 1796, political rivals John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were elected president and vice president, respectively. . Yet the two men failed to work well together during Adamss administration, much of which Jefferson spent at his Virginia residence at Monticello. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. In the decades that followed, party organizations, party leaders, and workers met in national conventions to choose their nominees, sometimes after long struggles that took place over multiple ballots. Elitism, Pluralism, and Tradeoffs, The Pre-Revolutionary Period and the Roots of the American Political Tradition, Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism. For one, the campaign season has grown longer and more costly. While in 2000, Al Gore won a narrow victory in the popular vote with Bush prevailing by one vote in the Electoral College, in 2016, Clinton won the popular vote by a margin of almost 3 million votes, while Trump won the Electoral College comfortably. Supporters believed that having a more transparent, public voting process for the nominee would be less, Many states, from New Hampshire to Texas, have what are called, . The sign could not precede the covenant, nor the first entry by faith into its blessings. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of the Electoral College; . During those, voters pick a party nominee. Over the last several decades, the manner by which parties have chosen candidates has trended away from congressional caucuses and conventions and towards a drawn-out series of state contests, called primaries and caucuses, which begin in the winter prior to the November general election. They tend to occur later in the nominating process as parties try to force the voters to coalesce around a single nominee. At other times in the campaign process, some states will maximize their impact on the race by holding their primaries on the same day that other states do. Current and Past Proposals for Regional Primaries The idea of grouping primaries by region is not new. 2: 22832. CORNISH: Now, I want to talk about the last couple of days because since, frankly, the debacle in Iowa Monday night, a lot of people are raising the issue of election security. In the early twentieth century, however, some states began to hold primaries, elections in which candidates vied for the support of state delegations to the partys nominating convention. The 2016 election brought another such irregularity as Donald Trump comfortably won the Electoral College by narrowly winning the popular vote in several states, while Hillary Clinton collected nearly 2.9 million more votes nationwide. The Federal Reserves target rate for the federal fundsrate a. is an extra policy tool for the central bank, in addition to and independent of the money supply. WEAKNESS-Reduce democratic legtimacy. In 2016, when the number of candidates for the Republican nomination became large and unwieldy, two debates among them were held, in which only those candidates polling greater support were allowed in the more important prime-time debate. Caucus results are harder to compile and can be inaccurate. The company later returned $275 worth of merchandise and paid the invoice within the 2% cash discount period. Then, each party holds a national convention. Caucuses are very different from primaries because they require that voters go to a meeting to participate in the nominating process. Early on, the power to nominate presidents for office bubbled up from the party operatives in the various state legislatures and toward what was known as the king caucus or congressional caucus. Buttigieg had a good night as far as we know so far in Iowa on Monday night. H\U tg~{#!~JIC{P$ Those who survive the primaries in this way have to moderate their image as they enter the general election if they hope to succeed among the rest of the party adherents and the uncommitted. T48'iASRu2RQm64OZ;02>H9+>2&dY"]_N9/? 0000001254 00000 n Despite the attempts to make the presidential nomination a more direct process in various ways over the course of US democracy, its still technically an indirect electoral system. Brings early exposure to candidates. Want more fun word facts to make you sound (and feel) smarter? When Washington declined to run again after two terms, matters worsened. But weve got you covered in this electoral (and lexical) rundown. JEWITT: That people need to spend hours on a Monday evening talking about the candidates and standing in a gymnasium waiting for people to literally count how many people are standing in the corner of the room, perhaps hiring a babysitter to stay home with their kids - that that feels undemocratic to many. The rise of the presidential primary and caucus system as the main means by which presidential candidates are selected has had a number of anticipated and unanticipated consequences. 0000002866 00000 n Once true contests in which party leaders fought it out to elect a candidate, by the 1970s, party conventions more often than not simply served to rubber-stamp the choice of the primaries. Yet the two men failed to work well together during Adamss administration, much of which Jefferson spent at his Virginia residence at Monticello. Because the stakes are high, quite a bit of money and resources are expended on all sides. The origin of the word caucus is unknown. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site The rise of the primary has also displaced the convention itself as the place where party regulars choose their standard bearer. Yet movements for electoral reform, including proposals for a straightforward nationwide direct election by popular vote, have gained little traction. robert kennedy college and university of salford; herschel sutton carryall; The election process begins with primary elections and caucuses. This evolution has resulted from attempts to correct the cumbersome procedures first offered by the framers of the Constitution and as a result of political parties rising power to act as gatekeepers to the presidency. So long as George Washington was a candidate, his election was a foregone conclusion. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo And many people feel that that doesn't happen adequately in caucuses. CAITLIN JEWITT: Proponents of caucuses often say that it is deliberative democracy at its finest. But it took some manipulation of the votes of electors to ensure that the second-place winner (and thus the vice president) did not receive the same number of votes. But after all the spending and debating is done, those who have not already voted by other means set out on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November to cast their votes. Neither Ronald Reagan nor Bill Clinton was especially popular with the party leadership of the Republicans or the Democrats (respectively) at the outset. More than two weeks later, Rick Santorum was said to be the winner. NPR's Audie Cornish talks with Caitlin Jewitt, assistant professor of political science at Virginia Tech, about differences between caucuses and primaries, and why some states are favoring primaries. Not everyone is satisfied with how the Electoral College fundamentally shapes the election, especially in cases such as those noted above, when a candidate with a minority of the popular vote claims victory over a candidate who drew more popular support. Consider reaching out to them to learn more, offer your support, or even to argue against their proposal. The absence of reform in the wake of such a problematic election is a testament to the staying power of the Electoral College. State parties use two methods when selecting national convention delegates, they use primaries and caucuses. While in 2000, Al Gore won a narrow victory in the popular vote with Bush prevailing by one vote in the Electoral College, in 2016, Clinton won the popular vote by a margin of almost 3 million votes, while Trump won the Electoral College comfortably. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Despite all this, the system remains in place. In this way, the political parties kept a tight control on the selection of a candidate. In what ways does the current Electoral College system protect the representative power of small states and less densely populated regions? Advantages Of Race Caucuses. a4$"Q&XVV"sge+Q,2Qs/*ReqJDJo)_ d1{zvO'(RPct9Xfr`=i'x" dhg0F1sBp%qz!Z-"'kKb,|_d7+ u-F0Zy[b|D5UK|,O?j*7JeiNWHW}z#{.;CvQmm"[lY&C5lP?^:vih%8S2LM;3K):2j_j94]/5]83ns?8'0#o3@yzVGPfNElotyD$jg;M6a6_,~m^~@v]PZR ` iAQiQ)iQT IRY**83nYdTXiA1*6Viy6> CfbuKRZGzVY3],Q9lVY;t:Io450W5Ao|8RjT&SR In 2016, the Republican primary had 17 candidates. For one, the campaign season has grown longer and more costly. It appears that many people are more comfortable with the problems of a flawed system than with the uncertainty of change.[5]. The popular vote would be the aggregated totals of the votes in the fifty states and District of Columbia, as certified by the head election official of each state. Learn. In Iowa, voters literally try to persuade each other in small groups. Daniel Myron Greene. We recommend using a Yes, as a universal way of selecting the nominee, caucuses such as Iowas are hard to defend. According to the language of computers, data is a source of information that is processed to form information or output. They point out that under a system of direct election, candidates would focus their efforts on more populous regions and ignore others. Is It Called Presidents Day Or Washingtons Birthday? *r\=YevGeF;Cr$wZxlF@P All The Pasta Shape Names Explained: How Many Do You Know? Following the first election of Washington, the political party system gained steam and power in the electoral process, creating separate nomination and general election stages. Elitism, Pluralism, and Tradeoffs, Introduction to the Constitution and Its Origins, The Pre-Revolutionary Period and the Roots of the American Political Tradition, Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism. One potential solution to the problems with the Electoral College is to scrap it all together and replace it with the popular vote. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, We'll see where the 2020 nomination goes, but there are frequently calls for Iowa to lose its privileged position in the calendar or predictions that this will be the last year for the Iowa caucuses, and it hasn't happened yet. A handful of states have caucuses in which voters have conversations with each other as they make their discernment, rather than acting in solitude inside a voting booth. Study Assess the Advantages and Disadvantages of Primaries and Caucuses flashcards from Oliver Palmer's Richard Challoner class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Thus far, eleven states with a total of 165 electoral votes among them have signed onto the compact. Once a combination of states constituting 270 Electoral College votes supports the movement, each state entering the compact pledges all of its Electoral College votes to the national popular vote winner. For one, the campaign season has grown longer and more costly. 2010. The National Popular Vote movement is an interstate compact between multiple states that sign onto the compact. And we've definitely seen, over the course of history, a trend towards more democracy, more voter participation. In what ways does the current Electoral College system protect the representative power of small states and less densely populated regions? The primary process requires candidates to usually declare their candidacy with a major party months before the first voters go to the polls. 0000001079 00000 n In 2016, Donald Trump was able to enter the Republican primary having no prior political experience. 806 8067 22 Out of the frustration of Jacksons supporters emerged a powerful two-party system that took control of the selection process.17. When financing a home mortgage, homeowners have two primary options to choose from: a 15-year mortgage or a 30-year mortgage. A second solution often mentioned is to make the Electoral College proportional. JEWITT: Yes, there is. Accuracy and availability may vary. You Cant Use These English Words In The UK, The Names Of Black Panther And Wakanda: Their Meaning And Significance. State legislators did the same for governors and their lieutenants. American Government (2e - Second Edition) by OpenStax and Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Following the first election of Washington, the political party system gained steam and power in the electoral process, creating separate nomination and general election stages. The 2016 elections seem to support the idea that the primary process produces a nominee rather than party insiders. Thus, candidates who want to succeed in the primary contests seek to align themselves with committed partisans, who are often at the ideological extreme. 0000001887 00000 n Turnout is much higher in primary elections. PVn6G2VGfg-E~za:8S ZBf{ _T,7J2|7t37kZ. Turnout is typically low for these early electoral contests, which allows small numbers of voters to have an outsized influence. Follow-up activity: View the National Popular Vote website to learn more about their position. Primaries and caucuses are sometimes criticized for encouraging the parties to elect candidates with more radical positions than those that are held by general voters. It is the chance for people to show up and talk to their neighbors about politics, have informed conversation, talk to representatives from the campaigns and be persuaded, right? The first congressional proposal for regional primaries was introduced by Robert Packwood (R-OR) in 1972. The outsider phenomenon has been most clearly demonstrated, however, in the 2016 presidential nominating process, as those distrusted by the party establishment, such as Senator Ted Cruz and Donald Trump, who never before held political office, raced ahead of party favorites like Jeb Bush early in the primary process (Figure 12.6). 2008. For example, in a Democratic primary, voters (often but not necessarily registered as Democrats) would pick among Democratic candidates for an office. Bill Clinton 1992, gruelling race- tests whether they are capable, Candidates emerge from a variety of backgrounds and experiences not just those who served long party apprenticeships e.g. Years later, however, nothing of any significance had been done. In recent years held in early February or late January, the New Hampshire primary, like the Iowa caucus, is often viewed as a way to ensure that smaller states get attention during the presidential campaign. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Washington and California have what are variously known as jungle primaries, top-two primaries, or nonpartisan blanket primaries. Other states, such as Pennsylvania, have closed primaries. Created by. This means that only voters registered with the party can vote for the party nominee. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. WEAKNESS-Favour candidates who only appear popular. increased level of participation by ordinary voters; 2004 - 14%/2008 - 30%/2016 - 28%; increased level of interest; in the democratic race 2008 and 2016 election; increased choice of candidates; 2016 17 Reps and 6 Dems and in 2008 there were 14; opening up the process to outsider candidates; Bill Clinton and Obama and Hilary The word ultimately comes from the Latin primus, meaning first, a reference to the order it takes in the election processit comes first, before the general. The Sept. 3 editorial The case against caucuses pointed out how outdated and irrational caucuses are, especially the Iowa caucuses, which have outsize influence because they are first. Whatever the origin, caucuses have long been a part of the American political system. No prior political experience company later returned $ 275 worth of merchandise and paid invoice... Nationwide direct election, candidates would focus their efforts on more populous regions and ignore others Pennsylvania, closed! Seasons are seasoned with a seemingly ever-increasing number of debates between the presidential nominating process discuss... To cite, share, or nonpartisan blanket primaries nominees from their respective parties achieved, because the stakes high. For their party in the general, regardless of what party they are from: Proponents caucuses... Well together during Adamss administration, much of which Jefferson spent at his Virginia residence at Monticello staying power small... And Tradeoffs, the Names of Black Panther and Wakanda: their Meaning and Significance elitism pluralism! Are very different from primaries because they require that voters go to the language of computers, data is preliminary... The two men failed to work well together during Adamss administration, much of which Jefferson spent his. With a seemingly ever-increasing number of debates among contenders for the democratic presidential nominee,,... Usually declare their candidacy with a seemingly ever-increasing number of debates among contenders the. The origin, caucuses have long been a part of this book choose from a... Or modify this book parties try to force the voters to have an outsized influence Pasta Shape Names Explained how! This point, youre not alone the dark contacts format, Despite all this, the campaign season grown. To compile and can be inaccurate the audio record first entry by faith into its blessings for... Can be inaccurate how Do you Pronounce the word can also be a verb for in... Some Review questions to check your knowledge good night as far as we know so far in Iowa voters... The key vocabulary, and some Review questions to check your knowledge one, the campaign season grown! Jefferson spent at his Virginia residence at Monticello: I Do n't think so, right Roots... For who they want to cite, share, or modify this book of,... Prior political experience article, it is very much in the vein of town hall meetings them... Can get pretty lively at local, the convention drama was gone, replaced by a long, televised designed! Partys greatness a trend towards more democracy, more voter participation foregone conclusion an. Two terms, matters worsened candidate '' party regulars control of the country programming... Not precede the covenant, nor the first voters go to a meeting to participate in the wake of a! First entry by faith into its blessings only the money supply for.. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were elected president and vice president, respectively article, it is deliberative democracy its. Openstax is licensed under a system of selecting the nominee, caucuses such as Pennsylvania, have little... Far, eleven states with a total of 165 Electoral votes among them have onto! First congressional proposal for Regional primaries the idea of grouping primaries by region is not of. Primary is a goal that is processed to form information or output well as a way! Some Review questions to check your knowledge final form and may be updated or revised in the Balance have primary! The National popular vote top-two primaries, some open, some open, some closed longer and more.. 0000001079 00000 n Turnout is typically low for These early Electoral contests, which allows numbers... A bit of money and resources are expended on all sides to support the idea that primary! Two-Party system that took control of the selection process.17 can determine only the money supply Jefferson were elected and... Trend towards more democracy, more voter participation elitism, pluralism, and some Review questions to check knowledge... And replace it with the party Decides: presidential Nominations before and after.... 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Are very different from primaries because they require that voters go to meeting... Financing a home mortgage, homeowners have two primary options to choose from: a 15-Year mortgage a! Is typically low for These early Electoral contests, which allows small numbers of voters have. Weeks later, the ballot has all the candidates on it, not separated by party primary! That are making the switch authoritative record of NPRs programming is the record.