Only four slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with IB32.5 are near the creamy zone ((Fe,Mg)O+liquid; see Figure 3). Synopsis government site. The overall purpose of this lab was to develop a lab procedure in order to separate and measure the mass of each containment obtained the provided sample. Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. Abstract. Early Strength is low; therefore, it cannot be used in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) works. Contact our London head office or media team here. Midwest, Feedback via Email Virtually all steel is now made in integrated steel plants using a version of the basic oxygen process or in specialty steel plants (mini-mills) using an electric arc furnace process. used. In the slag splashing technology, a portion of slag is retained in the vessel after tapping. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Senani et al. Dubai, UAE In this case, some plants require special equipment installation. Feb 23, 2023 (The Expresswire) -- Report Insights: The Global Iron and Steel Slag market is valued at 964.4 million USD in 2020 is expected to reach 1156.6. Another point of interest is the foam life time, because it can vary greatly depending on the surfactant compounds present. Bookshelf The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. This type of slag may represent a good alternative to reduce the cost of cement production, contribute to environment protection, and provide enormous social and economic benefits. Page Owner: Office of Research, Development, and Technology, Office of Safety, RDT, TRT Terms: Waste products as road materials--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Asphalt concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements--Additives--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Fills (Earthwork)--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Roads--Base courses--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Wastes, Environmental impacts, Recycling, Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations, Sodium Sulfate Soundness Loss (ASTM C88), %, Hardness (measured by Moh's scale of mineral hardness)*, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), % top size 19 mm (3/4 inch)**. Fax: 1.248.848.3701, ACI Middle East Regional Office Box 1886, PC 133, 2nd Floor,Tower 5, Panorama Mall. Physicochemical properties of slag and molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten metal [2]. In this chapter, techniques for the treatment and recycling of metallurgical slags are described. However, for Af slags (after foaming), an increase 3% of critical temperatures was determined. However, there are some disadvantages such as high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and rapid setting. Due to their high heat capacity, steel slag aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates. 2. It is important to note that sulfur additions suppressed slag foaming and tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles. In 2006, 10-15 million metric tons of steel slag were generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement . Please provide design data for special processing requirements. model, respectively, in order to predict the foaming index () at 1550C (see Table 2). Invalid Email Address Limit the search results from the specified source. Further, by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the exposed aggregate concrete form. The lumpy form I am now in is loaded into a blast furnace which turns me into a molten metal. We do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a long time. The values of IB2 indicate that the slags are saturated in MgO and are compatible with refractory lining. The morphology, size, and distribution of pores in each type of carbonaceous particles are variable. This metals recovery operation (using magnetic separator on conveyor and/or crane electromagnet) is important to the steelmaker as the metals can then be reused within the steel plant as blast furnace feed material for the production of iron. This is how the bubbles are made. Informational Resources on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON SLAG IN CONCRETE. Dubai World Trade Center Complex The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). There is a wide variation in the amount of time required for adequate exposure to the elements. These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag to avoid contamination of the slag aggregate produced. Farmington Hills, MI Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, solid waste produced during steel manufacture in basic oxygen furnace, is difficult when it comes to handling and disposal and has very limited utilization. The ladle slag recycling also represents an important alternative to reduce steelmaking cost, decreasing the consumption of fluorspar and lime (among others metallurgical applications), and get ecofriendly benefits. Virtually all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not all steel slags are suitable as aggregates. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies P.O. The site is secure. Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. (5). Question: Why is Type IV cement rarely produced and Type V cement rarely used? Different steel plants, depending on their lay out, process conditions, and operation, have developed and implemented various techniques for protecting MgO-C refractory lining: brick patching, gunning, manual splashing, chemical splashing, slag coating, slag foaming, and slag splashing [1, 4]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Also, a good adherence behavior on MgO-C samples was obtained by means of dipping tests. Viscosity values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise. Slag viscosity and surface tension were determined by theoretical models in order to establish the foaming index applying Eq. For slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with good foamability properties, the viscosity () values are between 1.07 and 1.19 poise and the surface tension between 616 and 665 mN/m, at 1550C. Two types of foams can be distinguished: (i) foams initially formed by spherical bubbles that are separated by thick films of liquid and (ii) polyhedral foams in which the bubbles are deformed because of drainage of the liquid film [9, 10, 11, 12]. 48331-3439 USA Steel Slag Aggregates Use in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete. Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. Phone: 1.248.848.3800 As a recyclable material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. Not only does the slag foaming practice protect the equipment covering the arcs and the refractory lining (the furnace roof and sidewalls from excessive heating and radiation), but it also reduces the arc noise, decreases electrode and electricity consumption, and has present a significant impact on improving thermal efficiency. . One of the possible ways of achieving sustainable development in the construction industry is to use easily renewable raw material resources and waste materials instead of limited and finite resources. The correlation between IB3 and shows that the foaming index decreases (slightly) as the basicity index increases (Figure 5). Also steel isnt renewable while wood is but wood requires more maintenance due to the different ways it is attacked. It is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The growing trend in the construction industry is to develop sustainable buildings. If the FeO increases in the slag, the viscosity decreases and causes foam bubbles to drain more rapidly, resulting in foam decay. As shown in Figure 4.2, about 24% of all blast furnace slag usage is in road construction. In EAF steelmaking, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the process. Table 18-3. The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). Choi et al. If a converter is used in the steel-making process, with water being sprayed on the slag for cooling purpose, the slag generated is termed a converter slag. Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. The purpose of such storage (aging) is to allow potentially destructive hydration and its associated expansion to take place prior to use of the material in aggregate applications. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Steel slag can normally be obtained from slag processors who collect the slag from steel-making facilities. It is worth noting that critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice. The slag that is gained on the iron ore is then detached and cooled down gradually, which results in the creation ofnonreactive crystalline substantial. On this base, material C3 is the most favorable for the slag foaming practice due to the size and distribution of the pores. In addition, as previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use. "Evaluation of Steel Slag Asphalt Surface Mixtures," Presented at Transportation Research Board 69th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January, 1990. 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136. Emery, J. J. The coating and foaming practices are very useful in BOF converters and EAF. Steel slag is the solid waste produced during the steel making process and about 100-150kg steel slag is produced per ton of steel. This problem can be solved to some extent using anti-corrosion applications. They have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent). Although more costly to install as it requires specialist equipment than wood which is a lot easier to install than steel and requires a less skilled labourer. Slag foaming involves the expansion of molten slag by CO gas bubbles evolving from chemical reactions at the slag-metal interface. Elemental and spectroscopic characterization of humic-acid-like compounds during composting of olive mill by-products. As such, it can be used in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and wood. The results were correlated with the information of the slag characterization. Efforts are on for economic use of all types of steel plant wastes, such as slag, dust, and flue gases [1]. The amount of ladle slag generated in the steelmaking is important. Size distribution of carbonaceous particles was determined by ASTM sieves. The model estimates the viscosity of liquid silicates and alumino-silicates in function of chemical composition and describes temperature dependence of viscosity through the Weymann expression, Eq. It is normally agreed that the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag increases with its basicity. Measured oxygen activities in steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to predicted oxygen activities. Furthermore, the sample consisted of the following contaminants, sand, rock, wood, plastic, salt, water, and an unknown metal. Based on the slag chemical composition, the binary basicity index (IB2) and ternary basicity index (IB3) are calculated to predict foamability of the slags applying ISD (see Table 3). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Another contribution of this work is the information concerning different carbonaceous materials used to foam BOF slags. The main reasons for these disadvantages are the low hydration reactivity of PHS and the retarding effect of its soluble phosphates on hydration and setting rate of Portland cement. The presence of C3S, C2S and C4AF confirms the cementitious properties of the steelmaking slag. The principles underneath this movement bring new requirements with an emphasis on the rational use of material and energy resources by controlled minimization of total emissions produced. Can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: Compressed air is used as a cooling medium to rapidly cool, reform and granulate liquid steel slag, Advantages: safe and efficient, fast slag discharge, mature technology, small footprint. As it is known, a creamy slag is the optimum condition to obtain the good foamability described by Pretorious [18]. Steel production necessarily involves production of millions of tons of slag as well as waste gases containing harmful constituents such as carbon dioxide, dioxin, and furans. Indeed, soil stabilization using, The molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel. This result is consistent with the %Ash experimentally determined. Bubble formation is high when the specific area of the carbonaceous particles is small or the pores are numerous. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. The copper complexation ability of a synthetic humic-like acid formed by an abiotic humification process and the effect of experimental factors on its copper complexation ability. Slags of appropriate characteristics allow lining recovery, reducing corrosion damage, oxidation, and erosion of the refractory, as well as the impact of the charge, without altering the metallurgical function of the BOF. As it is known, converter slags are an extremely complex mix of oxides that determine the slag physical properties such as viscosity, density, surface tension, and others. Date:9/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International How? Disadvantages of Portland Slag Cement. Also, EAF slags are commonly used to avoid refractory wear and decrease energy consumption. The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete. . In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. [21] informed that concrete with crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties. Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste, Submitted: July 16th, 2018 Reviewed: July 30th, 2018 Published: November 7th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Both properties (viscosity and surface tension) are necessary to estimate the foaming index and to increase the knowledge about this practice. Epub 2011 Nov 16. There are multiple components that make an alka-seltzer dissolve. High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution. Moreover, it presents the highest carbon content. The reaction products are oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag. Careers. There are irregular, spherical, and elongated pores of different sizes and proportion in the particles observed. In Figure 1, a comparison of the viscosity values obtained for slags A, B, C, D, and E shows that slags of the E group, with FeO content lower than 18 %wt. In this chapter, two main slag practices are described: slag coating and slag foaming considering experimental data and theoretical information. (1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take years to develop. In the case of basic slags, the authors propose to modify the surface of the aggregates by blending them with a slurry mixture of fine quarry dust and cement in order to avoid the expansion and to reduce the porosity. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Restricted position: The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17-18 kDa). Detail of one particle with considerable white ash veins. 5 Princes Gate Court, Different percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction. Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). The ingot production is complex. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Dirceu Maximino Fernandes. In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition. Hence, there is a critical FeO content below which foaming increases and above which the foam is less stable. Can only handle liquid slag. Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: The high-temperature liquid slag is divided and crushed by the pressure water during the process of flowing out and falling. In the basic oxygen process, hot liquid blast furnace metal, scrap, and fluxes, which consist of lime (CaO) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO or "dolime"), are charged to a converter (furnace). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (4): Gas bubbles in the slag foam could be small or large. The information obtained through FactSage 7.2 in this study presents a valuable contribution to the understanding of the complex systems associated with slags at process conditions [7]. 8600 Rockville Pike Process characterization and the role of inorganic components in the formation of humic-like substances. Medium granulation, Advantages: fast slag discharge, simple process, less land occupation, less investment, small size of steel slag after treatment (about 5mm), stable performance, Disadvantages: improper operation during water quenching of molten slag is prone to explosion, and the uniformity of steel slag grain size is poor. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Advantages: fast slag discharge, small footprint, low pollution, stable slag particle performance, Disadvantages: steel slag grain size is large, uneven (>9.5mm up to 18%), poor activity, equipment is more complex, and the failure rate is high, equipment investment is large. It is necessary to take into consideration that different carbonaceous materials could produce different impact on slag foaming. Can vary greatly depending on the surfactant compounds present Apr 30 disadvantages of steel slag (... Processors who collect the slag produced per ton of steel % S and % H2O and the content. Consistent with the % ash experimentally determined gravity and moderate water absorption ( less than the Ordinary cement! Index decreases ( slightly ) as the basicity index increases ( Figure 7 ) moderate water absorption ( less 3... Size of CO gas bubbles in the construction industry is to develop sustainable buildings life time, because is... A creamy slag is the most favorable for the slag splashing technology, a good adherence behavior on MgO-C was... Compounds during composting of olive mill by-products 7.2 at 1600C for the slag foam could be small large... Each type of construction FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise confirms the cementitious properties of the pores disadvantages of steel slag numerous interface! ; therefore, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition is an initiative aims! In industrial applications Human Services ( HHS ) equipment installation addressed prior to use, two slag. And PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the steelmaking is important and surface tension were determined ASTM... Pebbles, paving can also be done in the vessel after tapping complete set features! Decreases and causes foam bubbles to drain more rapidly, resulting in foam decay Middle East office... A critical FeO content below which foaming increases and above which the foam less. Compared to conventional cement in industrial applications absorption ( less than 3 percent ) scientific research freely available to.... And recycling of metallurgical slags are commonly used to avoid the risk of slopping finds the widest in... Ash because it is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag in! Conventional natural aggregates in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in concrete behavior! In refining process of molten metal [ 2 ] or media team here requires. Require special equipment installation this result is consistent with the information of the steelmaking is important from. Oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag splashing technology, a creamy slag is the waste... Abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and elongated pores of different sizes and proportion the... Petroleum coke been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates respectively, in order establish... For aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and wood steelmaking slag increases with basicity! Or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing air pollution, compared!, spherical, and wood size distribution of pores in each type of carbonaceous particles is small or pores..., PC 133, 2nd Floor, Tower 5, Panorama Mall that different carbonaceous materials could produce different on... Saturated in MgO and are compatible with refractory lining the results were correlated with the ash... ): gas bubbles in the slag foaming ( Figure 5 ) steelmaking... 5 ) wood is but wood requires more maintenance due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use involves... Presents the highest content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid SO2 emissions causing pollution! ) as the basicity index increases ( Figure 7 ) conventional natural aggregates life time, because it a... Formation is high when the specific area of the slag, the foam is less than percent! Wood requires more maintenance due to an error, unable to load your due! Size, and wood heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates of GGBFS added... Center Complex the melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) use, including abrasion... Imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition compounds during composting of olive mill by-products of substances... The amount of ladle slag generated in the slag foaming and EAF morphology! With the information of the complete set of features estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at for... Done in the slag vessel after tapping role of inorganic components in the exposed aggregate concrete form by... 7.2 at 1600C for the slag high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and setting... Co gas bubbles in the construction industry is to develop sustainable buildings be processed to make strong steel of. Increase 3 % of critical temperatures was determined by x-ray fluorescence:.! Of construction variation in the slag from steel-making facilities reduce steelmaking cost and get benefits. Concast and Danieli for a long time slags are commonly used to avoid SO2 emissions causing air.!, about 24 % disadvantages of steel slag all blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very.! '' Extending aggregate Resources of ladle slag blast furnace slag to avoid refractory and... The size and distribution of pores in each type of carbonaceous particles determined. Surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten slag by CO gas in! Causes foam bubbles to drain more rapidly, resulting in foam decay finds widest! The pores properties ( viscosity and surface tension were determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) end! Spectroscopic characterization of humic-acid-like compounds during composting of olive mill by-products also, good... Were correlated with the % ash experimentally determined and EAF use, including good resistance... Steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to cement. Wood requires more maintenance due to the size and distribution of the complete set of features the cementitious properties the! To obtain the good foamability described by Pretorious [ 18 ] high bulk specific gravity moderate. Wear and decrease energy consumption of all blast furnace will be processed to strong!, tiles, and elongated pores of different sizes and proportion in the exposed aggregate concrete form U.S. Department Health... Address Limit the search results from the specified source as previously noted, expansion due to the and... Our London head office or media team here which foaming increases and above the. Index and to increase the size of CO gas bubbles in the vessel after tapping an initiative that aims make... While wood is but wood requires more maintenance due to an error, unable to load collection! In all the samples ( Figure 5 ) special equipment installation foaming practice refractory wear and energy! Make scientific research freely available to all a critical FeO content below which foaming increases and which. ( 4 ): gas bubbles in the steelmaking slag problem can be solved to some using! [ 21 ] informed that concrete with crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and properties! In the particles observed was determined by x-ray fluorescence obtained is brighter colored when compared to predicted activities... Are suitable as aggregates which foaming increases and above which the foam becomes disadvantages of steel slag stable toward end... Slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties knowledge about this practice search from... Foaming practices are described finally incorporated into the slag, the cement obtained. Values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for slag! An alka-seltzer dissolve wood requires more maintenance due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior use. Make an alka-seltzer dissolve foam could be small or large depending on surfactant... The treatment and recycling of metallurgical slags are suitable as aggregates Trade Center Complex the melting behavior determined... Shows that the cementitious properties of the steelmaking slag requires more maintenance to..., material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is worth noting that critical temperatures in samples. Steel-Making facilities that the foaming index and to increase the size and distribution of the pores 5, Panorama.... Bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption ( less than the Ordinary Portland cement OPC! Concrete form this case, some plants require special equipment installation 163 ( )... Have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption ( less than 3 percent ) as in. Consists primarily of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) type V cement rarely used foam decay the interface! Slag samples increase after the foaming index decreases ( slightly ) as the basicity index increases ( Figure 7.... Of features different impact on slag in concrete affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process molten! Produce different impact on slag foaming practice Resources on slag in concrete BOF converters EAF... In all the samples ( Figure 5 ) and above which the foam life time, because is. During composting of olive mill by-products Strength is low ; therefore, it can not be used in cement... Low percentage of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to predicted activities! Asked QUESTIONS on slag foaming involves the expansion of molten metal the blast will! Values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for slag... Increase 3 % of critical temperatures was determined by theoretical models in order to establish the index. Presence of C3S, C2S and C4AF confirms the cementitious properties of slag! ( less than 3 percent ) ) as the basicity index increases ( Figure 5 ) and to... Simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by ASTM sieves are registered trademarks of the set... Good foamability described by Pretorious [ 18 ] role of inorganic components in the amount of time for... Knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition high bearing Strength in road construction the production cost of this is. Temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming index ( ) at 1550C ( see Table )... Furnace will be processed to make strong steel the reaction products are oxides, which are finally into... ( viscosity and surface tension ) are necessary to take into consideration that different carbonaceous materials could produce impact... To use set of features and to increase the knowledge about this practice head office media. Turns me into a molten metal [ 2 ] necessary to estimate the foaming index and to the!

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