The court indicated that points such as the content of the search results, the scope of disclosure, the social status of the persons involved, the social situation, and the necessity of disclosing facts were critical in deciding whether search engine results should be removed.13 Individuals who have criticized the ruling LDP and the government have also faced targeted harassment. In 2016, the law was expanded to include fraud, theft, and child sexual abuse images.9 Japanese residents exercise some self-censorship online, often on historical and social issues. In May 2021, Aren Hachimura, the younger brother of NBA basketball player Rui Hachimura, received racist messages over SNS. Every country has, at one time or another, been guilty of grievous acts of censorship. Are websites, governmental and private entities, service providers, or individual users subject to widespread hacking and other forms of cyberattack? Heightened awareness of nonconsensual sharing of intimate images and online harassment culminated in the adoption of a law criminalizing such activity in 2014. GR No. In June 2020, the Tokyo High Court reversed a lower court ruling that Twitter must remove posts which detailed the plaintiffs arrest records (see B3). Twitter complied with 29.4 percent of the requests.7. A 2016 law outlined measures that authorities could take to educate the public about hate speech, while also combating such speech when directed against people of overseas origin and their descendants.4 competitors and others criticized the acquisition, saying it was contrary to the intent of the 1999 NTT Law. An earlier Intercept report from 2017 analyzed leaked documents that suggested Japanese police and intelligence agencies were involved in in regional surveillance operations managed by the US National Security Agency (NSA). Digital activism in Japan has been highly effective at both the local and the national level, and online mobilization tools are freely available. A Myanmar citizen has filed a complaint at the Norwegian Data Protection Authority against Telenor Group under Article 77(1) of the European Union . Many providers bundle digital media subscriptions, including cable television, voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services, and email, pushing costs higher. After NTT Docomo became a wholly owned subsidiary of NTT in December 2020,4 Japan's parliament enacted the proposed revised copyright law on Friday to expand the law to punish those who knowingly download illegally uploaded or pirated manga, magazines, and academic works . Arbitrariness And Censorship Are Back In The West Written by Thierry MEYSSAN on 02/01/2021 When we founded the Voltaire Network in 1994, our first concern was to defend freedom of expression in France, and then around the world. (Feb. 22, 2021) On December 30, 2020, Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin signedFederal Law No. The server is misbehaving. The assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has shocked Japan, a country with one of the world's lowest rates of gun crime due to its strict laws on gun ownership. Do conditions impede users ability to mobilize, form communities, and campaign, particularly on political and social issues? Art censorship in Hong Kong is "very much real," an expert said after the city's much-anticipated art gallery opened recently without showcasing some expected artworks by a Chinese dissident. Finally, the amendments established the Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) as an independent authority under the Cabinet Office, replacing the Consumer Affairs Agency.8, Changes to the legal frameworks surrounding privacy and surveillance are often considered in the ongoing digitization of citizens personal records. Historically, Japans internet connections were forged through cooperation among government agencies (including then government-owned NTT), universities, and national research institutions.2. Shortly after NTT announced that it would comply with the governments request, a customer sued the company on the grounds that the blocking violated privacy guarantees.3, In the wake of the blocking attempts, the government indicated that it would introduce new legislation to expand its authority to formally order blocking, which current legislation allows only for sites found to host child sexual abuse images.4 Under the law, all online dating services must register with the police, verify their customers ages with a drivers license or credit card, and delete or block content that appears to involve someone under 18; most services voluntarily monitor messages in real time to ensure compliance. The 2001 Provider Liability Limitation Act directed ISPs to establish a self-regulatory framework to govern takedown requests involving illegal or objectionable content, defamation, privacy violations, and copyright infringement.9 Amid rising concerns over misinformation online - including surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, especially vaccines - Americans are now a bit more open to the idea of the U.S. government taking steps to restrict false information online.And a majority of the public continues to favor technology companies taking such action, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. In 2017, the UNs special rapporteur for freedom of expression criticized the kisha club system.3 Does the online information landscape lack diversity and reliability? With this, they brought an end to his nine-month spree of destruction. Internet freedom continued to improve in Japan during this reporting period. In the future, says one pundit, that will change. he age of consent in Japan is 13 years old because it is based on the Napoleonic Code, which was introduced to Japan in the late 19th century. In February 2020, the Defense Ministry reported that some sensitive information may have been leaked as the result of the Mitsubishi breach.8 This code sets the age of consent for sexual activity at 13 for girls and 14 for boys, and it has remained unchanged since then. Sharp regional cost disparities exist; service was more expensive in Japans major cities in 2020, with customers paying an average of 3,835 ($36.89) per month. The report notes that the NSA provided XKEYSCORE, a surveillance tool that can search through a range of content and metadata online, to the DFS.17. However, in February 2020, he was convicted and received a 100,000 ($906) fine, after the Tokyo High Court overturned the acquittal.7 Kisha clubs and an advertising market that favors established players may be preventing digital media from gaining a stronger foothold in the market. Criminal sanctions for misusing personal data and restrictions on the transfer of personal data to overseas jurisdictions that lack equivalent safeguards were also strengthened.7 It was not clear how much of the monitoring involved digital as opposed to physical surveillance.14. Messaging apps, such as WhatsApp and Viber, are often. Individuals can generally use the internet anonymously in Japan. If the poster refuses permission, the service provider is authorized to assess the complaint and act on it if it is deemed legitimate. The company said it complies with requests that are based on a warrant, an investigation-related inquiry, or an emergency order under the Japanese penal code and criminal procedure code.15 Weibo, China's answer to Twitter, has long been a prime target for stringent online censorship thanks to its broad audience base and ability to help influence public opinion. LINE reported that 80 percent of the global law enforcement requests for user data that it received between July and December 2020 came from Japanese entities. In May 2020, MICs minister Takaichi Sanae, voiced her interest in amending the Provider Liability Limitation Law.3 Are online sources of information controlled or manipulated by the government or other powerful actors to advance a particular political interest? You will go to prison. Increasingly, however, if we want to find direct government censorship of speech, we don't have to travel far. In one significant instance, government officials and the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) withheld data about pollution after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Censorship by the government is unconstitutional. During Diet sessions, when questions were raised as to whether the Ministry of Defense and the Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office were intercepting phone calls and e-mails, the government declined to answer.12. However, there is some criticism that the ongoing price war has prevented smaller companies from entering the market.4 2 Published Dec 29, 2021 Negima!? 482-FZ on Amendments to the Federal Law on Enforcement Actions Regarding Persons Involved in Violations of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms and the Rights and Freedoms of the Russian Federation Citizens. People can freely use the internet to mobilize, and netizens did so during the reporting period, notably to protest discrimination against women and LGBT+ communities. However, recent developments in Japan have raised serious concerns about increased surveillance, including reports of opaque surveillance operations and the approval of a conspiracy law that may allow police to seek wiretap warrants in a wider range of circumstances. Article 2. In this case, a man asked Google to remove search results documenting a crime he committed over five years earlier.11 Do national regulatory bodies that oversee service providers and digital technology fail to operate in a free, fair, and independent manner? Are there legal, regulatory, or economic obstacles that restrict the diversity of service providers? And in Japan, case law precedent offers non . In November 2018, the amended Telecommunications Business Act and the Act on the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) came into effect.3 Does the state block or filter, or compel service providers to block or filter, internet content, particularly material that is protected by international human rights standards? Government statistics show that the average cost of internet access for households with two or more people across Japan in 2020 was 3,601 ($34.59) compared with 3,753 ($36.05) in 2017.2 Many experts have indicated their concern about ambiguous components of the law that could be abused. Such posts have attacked critics of the LDP government and have at times initiated negative campaigns against opposition lawmakers.1 In 2021, Japan faces some of the biggest social, political, and economic changes of a lifetime. A law enacted in 2003 and revised in 2008 prohibits electronic communications encouraging sexual activity with minors.14 Some companies report on data requests they receive from government agencies. Following her death, the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications announced her intention to amend the Provider Liability Limitation Law (see C4).5 The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House Law passed by the Diet. Japans antistalking law, originally enacted in 2000, was revised in 2013 to address email harassment, and further revised in 2016 to penalize repeated blog posts or messages on social networking services.15. In this scenario, an ISP could give the complainant information to identify the postersuch as their name or IP addresswithout that persons consent, raising privacy concerns. We're doing our best to get things working smoothly! As of 2021, the internet penetration rate for households stood at 93 percent.2, Providers continue to develop telecommunications infrastructure, in part to alleviate mobile network congestion. The J-NSC remained active during the coverage period.2. 2. Due in part to strong infrastructure, internet access is widely available to users in Japan. In 2016, Makoto Sakurai, a personality known for anti-Korean rhetoric, opened a channel on online television station AbemaTV; a rush of online criticism followed, and the channel was deleted.4, Social media platforms occasionally restrict content at the governments request. Under the guidelines, anyone can report material that infringes directly on their personal rights to the service provider, either to have it removed or to find out who posted it. which attempts to crack the passwords of about 200 million internet-connected devices in homes and offices, starting with webcams, routers, and sensors, in order to better secure vulnerable devices with stronger passwords. No third party can do so. Change.org Uh oh. Are there laws that assign criminal penalties or civil liability for online activities, particularly those that are protected under international human rights standards? Does monitoring and collection of user data by service providers and other technology companies infringe on users right to privacy? Customers in small cities, towns, and villages paid an average monthly price of nearly 3,024 ($29.04). While Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of expression and prohibits formal censorship, effective censorship of obscene content does exist and is justified by the Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan. Sagamihara City is also planning to enact a criminal ordinance that would target hate speech against members of specific ethnic or racial groups in 2021.18 Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and its toll on everyday life, the country has transitioned to new political leadership. The changes allowed the NICT and the MIC to carry out the NOTICE program, authorizing them to attempt to access domestic internet-enabled devices for up to five years in an effort to strengthen cybersecurity (see C8).4 Under the amended law, overseas companies are also obligated to notify the government of data breaches that involve sensitive information, cause financial injury, or affect more than 1,000 users. The constitutional right to secrecy of communications is also protected under telecommunications laws.2 COVID-19 patients and individuals who allegedly tested positive for the virus also faced harassment on social media.2. Law enforcement requests for this data should be supported by a warrant.4 On February 19, 2021, the Justice Ministry announced that 20,120 mobile phone calls were tapped in 20 cases during 2020, leading to 152 arrests. Besides benefiting Japanese consumers,9 The group essentially serves as an online public relations effort for the LDP, though its rules make clear that members are responsible for their own social media posts. Japan's laws on censorship have become a more frequent topic of discussion among anime fans in the past few months. Many people lost service for days or weeks, and mobile phone usage dropped by almost half in the affected areas.10. The laws authors struggled to balance restrictions on racial and ethnic slurs with freedom of expression guarantees in the constitution.5 The reporting claimed that the government deployed a clandestine online surveillance program, dubbed MALLARD, to observe communications passing between satellites.16 With the space for such advocacy under threat in many . 10 The Act on the Protection of Specially Designated Secrets came into force in 2014, despite objections from the opposition, civil society, and protesters. Service providers and other technology companies can be required to aid the government in monitoring the communications of their users. In addition, individuals who knowingly receive secrets from an administrative organ risk up to five years imprisonment if the disclosures are found to be intentional, and one year for disclosures made through negligence.1 Due to Tokuras previous position and his lobbying efforts on behalf of JASRAC, his appointment sparked concerns about his ability to balance protecting the rights of artists and creators while also ensuring the freedom of individuals who use copyrighted works.8. In February 2021, protests erupted against then chairman of the Tokyo Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Yoshiro Mori, after he said "board meetings involving many women are lengthy and that women on the organizing committee all [knew] their place. Protestors, particularly women, used the hashtags #WomenWhoRefuseToKnowTheirPlace and #DontBeSilent in a show of solidarity and in defiance of sexism. The society at large prefers harmony, and people avoid criticizing the role of Japans emperor, especially when connected with historical events like World War II. The number of interceptions has more than doubled from the previous year, partly due to the introduction of new procedures that allow the police to wiretap individuals without witnesses from telecommunication companies.11, The wiretap law was controversial when it passed, in part due to the authorities periodic abuse of surveillance powers.12 Japanese courts continue to uphold strict criteria for delisting search results on major platforms. The information collected is reportedly stored for around two months, during which it is analyzed to determine if it is of interest to the DFS. Censorship of pornography in Japan, be it animated, photographed or filmed, has always been superficial, focusing on blocking out or blurring the sex organs. In a 2017 report, the United Nations (UNs) special rapporteur on freedom of expression noted that there were significant worrying signals regarding self-censorship among journalists on issues such as the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.1 The new Hong Kong national security law, the basis for Britain's admonition to Browder, provides for the indictment of anyone, anywhere, for speech seen as inimical to Chinese security interests. While users have a choice of providers for internet services, certain companies dominate the market. Otherwise, individuals or police ask ISPs to administratively delete contested or illegal content. Infrastructure was also severely damaged in 2011, when an earthquake and tsunami hit Japans east coast, triggering the destruction of a nuclear power plant in Fukushima. There are concerns that disclosure requests will be misused as a means to suppress the transmission of information.4. Connectivity for households in the heavily populated Kant region, which includes Tokyo, costs nearly 1,300 ($12.49) more per month than in the least expensive regions, Tohokuin the northeast.3 While Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of expression and prohibits formal censorship, effective censorship of obscene content does exist and is justified by the Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan.Historically, the law has been interpreted in different waysrecently it has been . The 2014 state secrets law, which covers national security issues, may make surveillance abuses harder to document (see C1 and C2). 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management ("GR No.22/2021"). Germany, which has. See all data, scores & information on this country or territory. In contrast, when private individuals or groups organize boycotts against stores that sell magazines of which they disapprove, their actions are protected by the First Amendment, although they can become dangerous in the extreme. Reasons vary from keeping inappropriate material out of reach to trying to stop protests and other public demonstrations from being organized. Under the amended law, an individual can request the court to disclose information about a sender who posted defamatory content. In 2017, two people were sentenced to 18 months in prison, a three-year suspension, and a 500,000 ($4,534) fine for copyright-related offenses.2, Journalists who report on sensitive topics also face government and authorities pressure in the form of defamation lawsuits. Four of its women characters, Jean, Amber, Mona and Rosaria, would be getting new "alternate . The PS4 launched in 2013, but Japan's release came afterward. Japan has three major mobile operatorsau, a KDDI brand; NTT Docomo; and SoftBank. Internet caf users are required to produce formal identification documents such as a drivers license, and to register their name and address. Does state surveillance of internet activities infringe on users right to privacy? Edit: is it true CERO does not need to look at PC games? Some of those arrested were fined 100,000 ($906).5 Do online journalists, commentators, and ordinary users practice self-censorship? There are some known cases of the government or powerful groups proactively manipulating online news or other content. Between July and December 2020, Facebook restricted access to one piece of content in response to an order from Brazils Supreme Court related to pages that supported Brazilian President Bolsanaro.5 In February 2019, civil society groups and ordinary users issued a joint statement asking the MIC to suspend the program,5 Despite this pushback, the MIC supported NTT.5 Mosaics cover genitalia. With seemingly no judicial oversight and potential access to millions of users personal devices, NOTICE has raised serious privacy concerns. Though exceptional, such incidents still exert a chilling effect on Japanese online expression. China. While these provisions were contested, and revisions are still planned,9 The original case was brought after a 2010 leak of police documents revealed that Muslims were subject to widespread monitoring for possible terrorist activity. Japan has a diverse online landscape. The move raised serious concerns over whether blocking was constitutionally allowed, and the government later indicated that it would introduce legislation to broaden its blocking authority (see B3). The law gives a range of officials the discretion to indefinitely restrict public information pertaining to national security.2 NTT, formerly a state monopoly, was privatized in 1985 and reorganized in 1999 under a law promoting functional separation between the companys mobile, fixed-line telephone, and internet services.5 In 2017, several municipalities asked for a clearer definition of hate speech under the law.7 It is a point of pride in the US that freedom of speech is written into the Constitution. Mori resigned a week after the petition was created (see B8). The book also examines the conflict between the obscenity law, introduced in Meiji times when Japan was importing Western models, and the freedom of speech law, which was put in place by the US occupation administration after World War II. In June 2020, Japan passed amendments to the Act on the Protection of Personal Information. An online petition in support of the journalist also gathered more than 17,000 signatures.10. Update: February 8, 2022 A ccess Now and civil society organizations from across the globe are calling on the international community and technology companies to stand with the people of Myanmar and resist the coup both physical and digital. Implementation guidelines for the law described four main fields of state secretsdefense, diplomacy, counterintelligence, and counterterrorismwhich are further divided into 55 categories.2, Other laws prescribe potentially disproportionate penalties for online activity. The man originally argued that he was defamed by false information.15, The Internet Hotline Center (IHC), operated through the SIA as part of a contract with the National Police Agency (NPA), cooperates with ISPs to solicit reports of illegal or harmful content from the public.16 The panel allegedly suspended its efforts to draft the legislation in October 2018 after failing to reach consensus on whether the blocking would violate the constitutional right to secrecy of communications.5, ISPs voluntarily filter child sexual abuse images, and many offer parents the option to filter certain other content to protect young internet users.6 In July 2020, lawmakers from the Liberal Democratic Party urged the government to restrict the use of TikTok over concerns that Chinese officials might be able to access sensitive user data via the app.1 Kisha clubs provide essential access to officials in Japan, but they have been accused of denying such access to young journalists and new media outlets; the system may also limit some reporters access to certain locations, such as areas affected by the 2011 Fukushima disaster. 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