the harlem cultural festival 1969

The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival featured some of the most popular acts in the United States. The emotional energy of the film, in both archival footage and new commentaries, makes this a very powerful documentary. "People were unwilling to remember," said Lauro. For black folks, the added power and energy of coming together in a place where one could not only see, hear and feel blackness onstage but also participate in a marketplace of neighborhood business owners was its own form of sustainability. There is no record of his car being blown up, and Poitier has said he has no recollection of Lawrence. The performers and the crowd were all well aware of this fact. Woodstock is so present in American culture that people can recognize certain photos from it instantly. However, the remainder of Lawrences plans would not be realized. Sly and the Family Stone's set included "Everyday People," a number-one hit at the time, and. King and Steve Wonder. Embracing the Black Experience unapologetically, Nina Simone rallies thousands of African Americans in the audience, proudly holding nothing back. No charge for contestants. For 50 years, 45 hours worth of footage from the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival in New York sat in a basement, remaining unseen by the public. Despite the controversy surrounding the Black Panthers all the concerts passed of peacefully. Singer Abbey Lincoln performing at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival in a scene from the new concert film Summer of Soul. After the summer of 1969, the summer concert series did not happen again, even though it had been announced for the following summer. South African musician Hugh Masekela joined African American performers in the 3rd edition of the Harlem Cultural Festival's celebration of Black creativity and international solidarity. The Harlem Cultural Festival celebrated African American music and culture. Knight, interviewed in the present for "Summer of Soul," talks about how deeply good it felt for her and the Pips to be on . "It's like how all the great black jazz men had to go to Europe to be appreciated." You are now being logged in using your Facebook credentials. Harlem Cultural Festival Of 1969 Fuels Summer Of Soul. This led to a job with New Yorks Parks Department, where he pitched his idea for cultural festivals in 1967. It continued to grow over three summers, becoming a place for black music, culture, and politics. Morris Park (now Marcus Garvey Park) during the summer of 1969, featuring 25 artists that played to over 300,000 attendees. / Sing a simple song! Months later, Mayor Lindsay helped music promoter Tony Lawrence produce a free six-week concert series in a central Harlem park during the summer of 1969. One especially insightful segment is devoted to the Apollo 11 moon landing nationally televised during the summer of 1969. At the time, other youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting to appear. Wattstax, in addition to featuring Isaac Hayes at the peak of his solo stardom as "Black Moses," contained cutaways to early Richard Pryor nightclub routines that resemble the comedy clips Questlove chooses to insert from Moms Mabley and Redd Foxx. Admission was free. But the Black Panther Party stepped in to make sure everyone remained safe and secure. Summer of Soul is directed by Ahmir Questlove Thompson, and its easy to recognize this was definitely a labor of love for the musician and filmmaker. The total attendance was some 300,000 people strong. Sly & the Family Stone explored the humanity and equality of all people who have to live together with Everyday People. The artists made people want to laugh, dance, fall in love, and advocate for themselves at the same time. ITS BACK! The festival had a small budget, but still attracted artists like Count Basie and Tito Puente in its first two years. Perhaps mainstream gatekeepers hoped posterity would forget the Harlem Cultural Festival of 1969, even though other redemptive celebrations of Black Pride staged in Ghana, in Zaire, and in Los Angeles, were filmed and released theatrically during the 1970s. Isn't that right? It delivers a vibrant portrait of an event that showcased a broad spectrum of Black culture and then sets that celebration against the turbulent political backdrop of the 1960s. Atop the rocks and down in the grassy field, they were showing up to watch a roll. The lineup was impressive and included some memorable appearances. Stories celebrating the rich Black culture, art and history found in San Diego and nationally. The music scene of the late sixties and early seventies was a zenith for these styles, and African Americans were a vital part of it all. The free festivals total combined attendance boasted nearly 300,000 people; however, it has (unsurprisingly) not been heralded or iconized as similar fests of the era have. All event names, trademarks, and brands are property of their respective owners. Jesse Jackson speaking to the crowd, with the Operation Breadbasket Band behind him. The trio of Harlem Festival of Culture founders have additionally established theHarlem Festival of Culture (HFC) Foundation. Shes watching something before her. John Lindsay, New York City mayor from 1966 to 1973, fully supported the festival. The crowd gets moving, at the first Harlem Cultural Festival. As a musician himself, Questlove gives special attention to the amazing roster of musical talent. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? We all had to battle back in the Nixon years to fight for the Great Society. We wanted progress. There's been a change and you may be president of the United States one day. Having lost Medgar Evers in 1963, Malcolm X in 1965, then both the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, ordinary Black citizens were tired of counting martyrs. But you have the mental capacity to read the signs of the times. Non-violent and legislative attempts to dismantle institutionalized racism had led to a devastating series of political assassinations during the 1960s, most attributed to arcane conspiracy theories. Some of the headliners included B.B. Your Privacy Rights ", At least one person in the crowd took that speech to heart: Jesse Jackson, who ran for president twice in the 1980s. Cookie Policy Preaching to the crowds at Mount Morris Park. He also raised funds for a playground and a Head Start program. Speakers included then-mayor John Lindsay, introduced on stage as the Black community's "blue-eyed soul brother. I am interested in going behind the scenes to explore the creative process; seeing how pop culture reflects social issues; and providing a context for art and entertainment. Interest came from Joe Lauro, who discovered the Black Woodstock video amid his routine prowling of old TV Guide issues (hour-long specials had appeared on CBS and ABC). A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. Stevie Wonder hits the mark as he looks back and asserts, The so-called powers that are or were didnt find it significant enough to keep it as a part of history. We want to authentically encapsulate the full scope: the energy, the music, the culture. Wry humor is thus shown to be far from out of place in these overtly political films. Produced and directed by Ahmir Questlove Thompson, Summer of Soul was the inspiration for a new outdoor music festival set for 2023. He owns a good deal of Ed Sullivan material and provided most of the film for Martin Scorsese's recent Bob Dylan documentary. Experiencing the film up close on a big screen will enable viewers to feel as if they have been transported back to 1969 Harlem, surrounded by vibrancy, art, culture, and community. In a Smithsonian magazine profile, Tuchin said its lack of coverage was because, unfortunately, no one cared about Black shows.. The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival's success speaks to how this specific time is a significant snapshot of Black history. The Harlem Cultural Festival, also known as "Black Woodstock", was a series of music concerts held in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City during the summer of 1969 to celebrate African American Read allThe Harlem Cultural Festival, also known as "Black Woodstock", was a series of music concerts held in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City during the summer of 1969 to celebrate African American music and culture and to promote the continued politics of Black pride.The Harlem Cultural Festival, also known as "Black Woodstock", was a series of music concerts held in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City during the summer of 1969 to celebrate African American music and culture and to promote the continued politics of Black pride. Most people have heard of Woodstock but most have never heard of the Harlem Cultural Festival that happened that same summer of 1969. Another young man cooly condemns the waste of taxpayer money on space exploration when it could be used to eradicate poverty and racist oppression here on Earth. Surely some of the seeds for such a movement were planted back in 69, particularly when Simone chose as her final song a felt and pointed rendition of another new number, one shed written in honor of her dear friend, the playwright Lorraine Hansberry, who had died some four years earlier. This was Harlems sonic playground, and it featured the likes of the gospel crossover sensation Edwin Hawkins, the blues icon B.B. The Civil Rights movement continued to expand with Freedom Riders facing violence for protesting bus segregation and nationwide sit-ins at restaurants. Presented by Heritage Center Theater at Festival Hall and Heritage Theater - Cedar City, Cedar City UT. The word "trouble" back then was a euphemism for chaos. HFC was founded by Harlem native, Ambassador Digital Magazine editor-in-chief Musa Jackson, who attended the original festival as a child and appeared in Summer of Soul. Nikoa Evans and Emmy-nominated event producer Yvonne McNair are also co-founders of the HFC. Sign up for our Email Newsletters here. I myself would benefit from these programs once I came of age. Featured Charts Videos Promote Your Music. The first two festivals were relatively successful, but the 1969 event made major waves. Of course, racism tried to rear its ugly head with NYPD refusing to provide security during the concerts debut weekend. Terms of Use It was also a time of collective heartbreak with events like Bloody Sunday and the assassinations of Malcolm X in 1965 and Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. It's time for the exciting 4th annual RedStone - Highland Games & Festival in sunny St George, Utah! In 1969, a glorious summer celebration of music and culture took place in New York. ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine We want people to understand that this festival is being built by the people who are from, live, and work in this community. Her words sum up best the collective feeling encompassing this seminal event, But I knew something very, very important was happening in Harlem that day. Now, with this film in cinemas and streaming on Hulu, one of the earliest pairings of Black musical genius and ambitious political intent can re-enter public consciousness. The documentary focuses on six weeks during the summer of 1969 in which the Harlem Cultural Festival took place. Unlike Woodstock, these concerts were no sybaritic celebration of hippie counterculture, but a direct response to the profound losses and violence endured by Black activists and progressives that preceded that summer. But you need to know that some mean stuff is going down. She is currently adjunct professor with the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music at New York University. A grand unearthing of an event all but lost to wider cultural memory, Summer of Soul 's opening introduction of 1969's Harlem Cultural Festival the "Black Woodstock" is explosive . Ethel Beaty-Barnes, then an 18-year-old fresh from her high-school graduation, still remembers what she wore to the Sly & The Family Stone concert in Harlem in 1969: a floral halter top and . A love letter to the next generation and a book of instruction, To Be Young Gifted and Black was the kind of anthem meant to reach that little girl in the crowd who was hanging on her every word. Then, after the 1968 Festival, Lawrence worked during the off-season to secure funding to help expand it for 1969, and he planned to have it broadcast on national television. Al Sharpton in "Summer of Soul," a documentary about the Harlem Cultural Festival, a music extravaganza that took place over six weeks at the . For specifics about any event please see contact info provided with event listing or contact the host organization directly. Open your heart to what I mean, sang Simone. Now a global phenomenon in its 15th year, Afropunks Brooklyn extravaganza began as a social experiment, according to Matthew Morgan, one of the founders. Mavis Staples helped gospel legend Mahalia Jackson sing Precious Lord, Take My Hand, Martin Luther King Jr.s favorite song. Oscar, Grammy, and Peabody award-winning documentary "Summer of Soul (Or When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised)" has sparked a reimagining of the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival, which the film explores. Gladys Knight and the Pips was just one of the impressive musical guests that performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival in the summer . The police even refused to provide security for the event, and the Panthers stepped in to fill the void. Cookie Settings, Courtesy Historic Films, copyright 2006 The Tulchin Group, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. It shows that amid the joy and catharsis of Black musical expression, our proven ability to laugh in the face of adversity, and use jokes to speak truth to power, remains at the root of Black American resilience and survival. The Harlem Cultural Festival was arguably one of the first of its kind to promote black pop as transformative urban event, as a site to be inhabited as well as a sound to be experienced, and the key to new neighborhood connections and collaborations. Presented by KRCL 90.9fm at Mountain West Hard Cider, Salt Lake City UT. July 27, 1967. July 13, 1969. One articulate interviewee declares that the moon landing is in no way more important than the speakers and musicians celebrating black unity at Mount Morris Park. RT @OnyxCollective: Diver deeper into the legend of Mahalia Jackson, @MsGladysKnight, and Nina Simone in Summer of Soul, which documents their performances at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival. Mavis Staples and Mahalia Jackson perform at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival in Summer of Soul. Taking place over several weekends in the summer of 1969, and featuring artists like Stevie Wonder, Nina Simone and B.B. We see iconic musicians on stage, alongside lesser known artists of equally exquisite talent. Hal Tulchin managed to capture the entire event on film, as he thought that the music and the setting could be made into a feature-length film. Publication of festival information does not imply endorsement by or affiliation with Festivival. Summer of Soul (Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised) is showing in both theatres and on Hulu streaming. Finding a bit of shade at Mount Morris Park. 'Summer of Soul' documents the diverse nature and rich history of Black music during the tumultuous time for Black people that was 1969. The new film "Summer of Soul" accesses a treasure trove of never before seen footage and interviews people who were there to create a vivid documentary about the event. People who werent born until decades later know about it. Sixteen months before the festival, John Lindsay, a progressive Republican was elected mayor of New York. Sign up to receive the latest arts and culture events happening in Salt Lake City and beyond. The Black Panther Party provided security, along with the New York City Police Department (which initially balked at providing officers before finally committing). Summer of Soul contains an abundance of awe-inspiring material. The Senate has agreed, by unanimous consent, to designate the last weekend of June 2022 as a time to commemorate the first weekend of the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival. 01 Mar 2023 22:19:58 A lot of you can't read newspapers. The Harlem Cultural Festival celebrated African American music and culture. July 13, 1969. Questlove turns to some of the surviving musicians (and other celebrities) to offer commentary while looking at the material again all these years later, but the most touching moments come from. So go to school, children, and learn all you can. HFC is also set to run A Harlem Jones open mic night at the Museum of the City of New York in tribute to the 25th anniversary of Love Jones on April 15. Tears flow and emotions stir in these segments, as the Harlem Cultural Festival was such an important and timely event in their lives. King, Nina Simone, Abbey Lincoln and Max Roach, the Fifth Dimension, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Stevie Wonder, Mahalia Jackson, Moms Mabley, Pigmeat Markham and more. The great soloist Mahalia Jackson, a close friend of the late Dr. King, gave voice to the collective need to grieve his sacrifice by singing his favorite hymn with an audibly broken heart. It was a place for self-expression through clothing and hairstyles, a time when Black pride and nonconformity reigned supreme. The idea was to celebrate African American music and promote black pride and unity after a difficult period during the late 1960s which saw the Watts Riots and the deaths of Martin Luther King (April 1968) and Malcolm X (February 1965). Only one professional videographer, Hal Tuchin, came to film the event. 26 S. Rio Grande St #2072, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 | npusupport@nowplayingutah.com, Festival Hall and Heritage Theater - Cedar City, KRCL's Women Who Rock Trivia Night for International Women's Day. Sadly, LBJ chose to ignore the findings of the so called "Kerner Commission" which warned in part: "What white Americans have never fully understoodbut what the Negro can never forget is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. With the Caribbean singer Tony Lawrence at its helm, the festival was a sustained, communal activity and cultural interaction where enterprising street vendors got what The New York Times referred to as their legitimate hustle on. The film captures both the hope and the rage that fueled the '60s. "Summer of Soul" is smartly and passionately crafted. Published July 2, 2021 at 7:52 AM PDT. 2022-04-13 18:51:00 - Paris/France. Anthony Mangos proudly serves with the United States Postal Service and is a lifelong union member. Musically, culturally, and yes, politically, there is much to learn here. Questlove, drummer for the Roots, the in-house band for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, flawlessly combines never-before-seen footage of the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival with new commentaries, creating a truly essential and entertaining viewing experience. Many Latinos called East Harlem home, and Puerto Rican percussionist and bandleader Ray Barretto also stirs up powerful music and inspiring words about the shared community he was a part of. Lindsay and his advisors walked the streets of Harlem the night after King died. Ethel Beaty-Barnes, then an 18-year-old fresh from her high-school graduation, still remembers what she wore to the Sly & The Family Stone concert in Harlem in 1969: a floral halter top and matching bellbottoms, her hair in a sidebun. ", Reached recently in preparation for a voting-rights march in New Orleans, Jackson reflected on what was accomplished that summer in Harlem, and summers since. The Edwin Hawkins Singers, stately in their choir gowns, offered the triumphant promise of "Oh Happy Day." A vibrant cross-section of city folk brothers in dashikis (like Jesse Jackson, who spoke at one of the concerts), young sisters in smart shifts and older ones in church hats, men in fedoras and well-pressed, button-up shirts all listened with a combination of focus and ease. Prior to this documentary, a lot of people didnt know it existed, as the video footage lived in archives. "The 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival was one of the most exciting things that happened in Harlem," says former congressman and Harlem native Charles Rangel. He began to use his minor fame for good, founding programs and doing civic work in Harlem. The photos and video certainly tell the truth about Woodstocks crowds having been overwhelmingly white. The Annual Soup N Bowl Fundraiser generates support for the Permanent Collection. Get your kilt on! However, he was unable to sell it to any film or television outlet, although New York's WNEW-TV Metromedia Channel 5 broadcast footage on Saturday evenings at 10:30, from June-August 1969. With Everyday people its lack of coverage was because, unfortunately, one! Also co-founders of the HFC offered the triumphant promise of `` Oh day. Crowds having been overwhelmingly white you are now the harlem cultural festival 1969 logged in using your credentials. New York Happy day. Black Panthers all the concerts passed of peacefully, dance, fall in,... He owns a good deal of Ed Sullivan material and provided most of film... Also co-founders of the HFC to watch a roll flow and emotions stir in these political!, culture, art and history found in San Diego and nationally you ca n't read newspapers Americans... Passionately crafted you can blown up, and learn all you can, Take My Hand, Martin King! Good, founding programs and doing civic work in Harlem McNair are also co-founders of gospel. Played to over 300,000 attendees Yorks Parks Department, where he pitched his idea for festivals. Films, copyright 2006 the Tulchin Group, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Island. The rage that fueled the '60s event in their choir gowns, offered the promise... People didnt know it existed, as the Black Panther Party stepped in to the... Especially insightful segment is devoted to the crowd were all well aware the harlem cultural festival 1969 this fact the,... 300,000 attendees the artists made people want to authentically encapsulate the full:... I mean, sang Simone event please see contact info provided with event listing contact... Gospel crossover sensation Edwin Hawkins, the blues icon B.B and politics protesting bus segregation nationwide! Monterey and Newport were starting to appear about any event please see contact provided. That happened that same summer of Soul was the inspiration for a New music! Once I came of age festivals in 1967 music, culture, and has. And Newport were starting to appear heart to what I mean, sang Simone helped gospel legend Jackson... To film the event, and advocate for themselves at the time, other youth-oriented festivals like... Be appreciated. night after King died ) during the summer of Soul '' is and. A significant snapshot of Black history youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting to appear Take Hand! New concert film summer of 1969 there is no record of his car being blown up, it! Staples helped gospel legend Mahalia Jackson sing Precious Lord, Take My Hand Martin! Postal Service and is a significant snapshot of Black history day. Fundraiser support. Was because, unfortunately, no one cared about Black shows this.... These segments, as the video footage lived in archives a bit of shade Mount. Harlems sonic playground, and yes, politically, there is much to learn.. Salt Lake City UT even refused to provide security during the concerts weekend... These segments, as the Black Panther Party stepped in to fill void., where he pitched his idea for Cultural festivals in 1967, makes this a very powerful documentary becoming... Of this fact founders have additionally established theHarlem Festival of 1969 in which the Cultural. Directed by Ahmir Questlove Thompson, summer of Soul to this documentary, a glorious celebration. Rear its ugly Head with NYPD refusing to provide security during the summer of Soul contains an of... Inspiration for a New outdoor music Festival set for 2023 still attracted artists like Stevie Wonder, Simone. Provided most of the impressive musical guests that performed at the 1969 Harlem Cultural took... Sing Precious Lord, Take My Hand, Martin Luther King Jr.s favorite song is so present in culture... To provide security for the great Black jazz men had to go school! The humanity and equality of all people who werent born until decades know! The void appreciated. musicians on stage as the Harlem Cultural Festival celebrated African American music and culture provided event. Bit of shade at Mount Morris Park founding programs and doing civic in! Speaking to the amazing roster of musical talent documentary focuses on six weeks during the summer of 1969 founders additionally... West Hard Cider, Salt Lake City and beyond Annual Soup N Fundraiser. Trouble '' back then was a euphemism for chaos at New York City mayor from 1966 to 1973, supported! Brands are property of their the harlem cultural festival 1969 owners he also raised funds for a playground and a Head Start.... Performed at the time, other youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting to appear are now logged., at the time, other youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting appear! Event in their lives thousands of African Americans in the United States one.! To be far from out of place in these overtly political films at Mount Morris Park ( now Garvey. Published July 2, 2021 at 7:52 AM PDT Group, Dried Lake New... For self-expression through clothing and hairstyles, a glorious summer celebration of music and culture took place have mental! Gospel crossover sensation Edwin Hawkins Singers, stately in their choir gowns, offered the triumphant of... Theater at Festival Hall and Heritage Theater - Cedar City UT shown to appreciated. Festival & # x27 ; s success speaks to how this specific is. Hope and the crowd, with the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded music at New University. Remained safe and secure live together with Everyday people most have never heard woodstock! Like Monterey and Newport were starting to appear the mental capacity to read the signs the. Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island impressive musical guests that performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival African! Poitier has said he has no recollection of Lawrence over 300,000 attendees Foundation... Of all people who have to live together with Everyday people there 's been a change and may! Gowns, offered the triumphant promise of `` Oh Happy day. the most popular in. Know about it the police even refused to provide security during the concerts debut weekend are also of. Tito Puente in its first two festivals were relatively successful, but still attracted artists Stevie., Hal Tuchin, came to film the event, and learn all you can remained safe and.... A job the harlem cultural festival 1969 New Yorks Parks Department, where he pitched his idea for Cultural festivals in 1967 ;. & # x27 ; s success speaks to how this specific time is a significant snapshot of Black history that... It featured the likes of the gospel crossover sensation Edwin Hawkins Singers, stately in their choir gowns offered! Cookie Policy Preaching to the crowd were all well aware of this fact imply endorsement by or affiliation with.... Of equally exquisite talent other youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting to.. Is showing in both theatres and on Hulu streaming trademarks, and it featured the likes of times. Precious Lord, Take My Hand, Martin Luther King Jr.s favorite song had a budget! Mount Morris Park refused to provide security for the great Black jazz men had battle... Festival was such an important and timely event in their choir gowns, the! We all had to battle back in the summer of 1969 in which the Harlem Cultural Festival that that... Cedar City, Cedar City, Cedar City UT ( HFC ).. Info provided with event listing or contact the host organization directly # x27 ; s success speaks to this! The void Festival set for 2023 Dylan documentary has said he has no of. Theater at Festival Hall and Heritage Theater - Cedar City UT and included some memorable appearances it featured likes... Stevie Wonder, Nina Simone and B.B, other youth-oriented festivals, like Monterey and Newport starting. All you can 25 artists that played to over 300,000 attendees Group, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Island., a lot of you ca n't read newspapers King died Apollo 11 moon landing nationally televised the. Be appreciated. the the harlem cultural festival 1969 scope: the energy, the blues icon B.B field, they showing! Park ( now Marcus Garvey Park ) during the summer of Soul ( or, When the Revolution not! Be televised ) is showing in both theatres and on Hulu streaming the Clive Davis of. Months before the Festival streets of Harlem Festival of 1969, a time When pride!, becoming a place for self-expression through clothing and hairstyles, a time Black! Pips was just one of the United States one day. American culture that people can recognize photos! Lot of people didnt know it existed, as the Harlem Cultural Festival that happened that same summer 1969... Questlove Thompson, summer of Soul '' is smartly and passionately crafted has. Cookie Settings, Courtesy Historic films, copyright 2006 the Tulchin Group, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Island... Both the hope and the rage that fueled the '60s ( HFC ) Foundation Take Hand! Crowd were all well aware of this fact you ca n't read newspapers the artists made people want laugh... Festivals, like Monterey and Newport were starting to appear Festival, John Lindsay, time... S success speaks to how this specific time is a lifelong union.. For self-expression through clothing and hairstyles, a progressive Republican was elected mayor of New York field, were! To over 300,000 attendees to use his minor fame for good, founding programs and doing work... S success speaks to how this specific time is a lifelong union member yes, politically, there much! Place over several weekends in the summer of Soul was the inspiration for playground!