Join the thousands of fellow patriots who rely on our 5-minute newsletter to stay informed on the key events and trends that shaped our nation's past and continue to shape its present. In short, we can celebrate that Founding Father George Washington was so highly beloved and respected that every elector cast their first vote for him. Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. Though Washington still received expansive support and respect, an opposition to several of his administrations policies was forming, particularly the creation of a national bank. Source: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Electoral College Box Scores 17891996". On the evening of January 7, 1955, the curtain at the Metropolitan Opera in New York rises to reveal Marian Anderson, the first African American to perform with the Met. [2] In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The Federalist Party threw its support behind the incumbent vice president, John Adams of Massachusetts, while the Democratic-Republican Party backed the candidacy of New York Governor George Clinton. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Washington Papers. The American People as Christian White Men of Property:Suffrage and Elections in Colonial and Early National America. Ten states cast electoral votes: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. Dinkin, Robert J. However, Washington also feared that the country would irreparably pull and split apart, and was implored by his close associates to serve an additional four years. Collier, Christopher. According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. "I walk on untrodden ground," was a frequent comment he made in the days leading up to his first inauguration. One exhilarated eyewitness recalled that " my sensibility was wound to such a pitch that I could do no more than wave my hat with the rest, without the power of joining in the requested acclamations which rent the air!" The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. He took 50 votes against Adams 77. Major General William Howe Howe directed British troops during the early years of the war. ), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.441). Regional and partisan divisions were evident in the vote distribution. Members of the U.S. Congress, though, cant be electors. Washingtons first inauguration occurred in New York City on the portico of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan on April 30, 1789. Even before the Constitution was ratified, rumors spread declaring George Washington would likely elected first President of the United States (much to the dismay of Washington himself). As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. All Rights Reserved. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. Each of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. "The Election of 1788-89." Learn more about George Washington's annotated copy of The Acts of Congress - one of the prized holdings in our Library collection. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote. President Washington's inauguration was celebrated with illuminations and fireworks. There he enlisted in a unit formed by Irish Loyalists to fight the American colonials and General Washingtons Continental Army. Many were convinced by his role in politics up to that point. This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 20:03. Who ran against George Washington for the role of president? Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. Adams lost all of the electoral votes of Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Georgia. However, we cant forget that there was competition from 11 other men in that maiden presidential election. Required fields are marked *. Six of the fifteen states chose electors by any form of popular vote. Reichley, A. James. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. After a private meeting at Mount Vernon, Madison prepared a drastically more concise address whichleft more open to Congress's discretion. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. The candidate who received a majority of the votes was elected president. The first presidential election Gilbert Stuart: portrait of George Washington Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. How Did George Washington Interpret The Constitution. Another uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the President's designated successor and presiding over the Senate. Presidential candidates of the 21st century spend millions of dollars winning the endorsements of their parties and mounting nationwide campaigns. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. On January 6, as a formality, the electoral votes are counted before Congress and on January 20, the commander in chief is sworn into office. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. However, some advisers and fellow statesmen argued that the volatile political climatemarked not only by the ongoing conflict between Great Britain and France but also by a growing internal dispute between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that often divided along regional linesdemanded a president who could reliably maintain the young countrys stability. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. In 1792, the second presidential election, George Washington was unanimously re-elected president of the United States. Congress did not officially count the Electoral College until February 13, 1793. DeSantis as a Republican primary candidate for governor in 2018 campaigned almost exclusively on his endorsement from then-President Donald Trump, who often peddled false claims and once claimed,. (The previous two were the presidential elections of 1789 and 1792, in which George Washington ran without serious opposition.) Source: United States Office of the Federal Register. Chernow, Ron (2004). Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. Although Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Did you know that President Washington never lived in Washington D.C.? This answers first letter of which starts with N and can be found at the end of E. We think NOONE is the possible answer on this clue. The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. The second presidential election represented and reflected the democratic idea that presidential elections every four years would be a regular and frequent feature of American politics. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. Washington appeared on all 69 ballots, while nearly half the voters cast their second vote for John Adams, who was duly elected vice president. George Washingtons cabinet included just four original members: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. With 77 electoral votes, John Adams was re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. A young but able soldier, he was inexplicably slow; and at times his hesitation allowed Washington's army to escape certain destruction. Need help with homework? Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. Control of the bicameral New York State Legislature was divided following ratification of the federal constitution, and lawmakers could not reach an agreement to appoint electors for the forthcoming presidential contest. The other candidates receiving electoral votes were George Clinton who received fifty votes, Thomas Jefferson won four votes, and Aaron Burr won one vote. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Other candidates receiving multiple electoral votes were John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), John Rutledge (6), John Hancock (4), and George Clinton (3). The remainder of the votes were divided among 10 other candidates. Adams as the second-place finisher was elected vice president, serving until his election to the presidency in 1797; each of his three rivals would go on to serve as vice president in turn, Jefferson from 1797 to 1801 (when he alike succeeded to the presidency), Burr from 1801 to 1805, and Clinton from 1805 until his death in 1812. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. As expected, George Washington won the . Both North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible; neither had ratified the Constitution yet. Between the Revolutionary War and Constitutional Convention, Washington secured his position as a trusted leader. But it's not the first time . Today political parties usually nominate their slate of electors at their state conventions or by a vote of the partys central state committee, with party loyalists often being picked for the job. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. But Washington's tremendous popularity was not transferable to Adams across the country, as the Vice President lost the South. [2] A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.[3]. Crossword clues for Who ran against George Washington for president Indeed, that alone explains his willingness to endure eight years in the vice presidency, an office devoid of power. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee. "Alexander Hamilton". In order to win the presidency, a candidate needs a majority of 270 electoral votes out of a possible 538. The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000. [2] Adams easily secured re-election. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. Of the states with complete returns, only Pennsylvania saw real partisan competition; a Federalist electoral slate pledged to Washington and Adams was selected, although one elector voted for Washington and Clinton. There was no precedent for this office in a world full of kings, leaving Washington the monumental task of figuring out how to act like a president. Between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, the presidential electors were chosen in each of the states. As with the previous presidential election, each elector voted for two candidates. One of the reasons we rarely hear about the presidential race and competition for the top job was that Washingtons presidency was a foregone conclusion. (a) New York's legislature did not choose electors on time. Web. First president who ran for election and won? Each state is allowed to choose as many electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress. The process began with each state having to choose its electors by January 7th, 1789. Voters cast ballots to choose state electors; only white men who owned property were allowed to vote. Presidential Greatness. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. George Clinton, a vehement champion of states rights. Yet, Ramage painted George Washington from the life and was the first artist to whom he sat as President of the United States. 1273 Words6 Pages. Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election. (f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns. The United States presidential election of 1820 was the third and last presidential election in United States history in which a candidate ran effectively unopposed. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. **In this election, and in others until 1804, each elector voted for two individuals without indicating which was to be president and which was to be vice president. Greenstein, Fred I. However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. United States presidential election of 1789, American presidential election held on Feb. 4, 1789, in which George Washington was unanimously chosen as the first president of the United States by electors from 10 of the 13 extant states. The opposition led by Jefferson and Madison would become known as the Democratic-Republican Party. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. The election took place following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000. 1820 Presidential Election. Washington ascended to the presidency with practical experience, having served as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Ed. That would make John Adams the leading person who ran against Washington in the 1788 election, as he served as the VP. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. A Whig who sympathized with the Americans, Howe took over as the commander in chief of the British Army in 1776. Mount Vernon Ladies Association. [3] Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. The inaugural ceremony was performed on Wall Street, near the spot now marked by John Quincy Adams Wards statue of Washington. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Print. As a result, his signature on the new Constitution was a deciding endorsement for some of those who had opposed federalization. Of course, everyone also loves a president that served in the military as General Washington did. In addition, New York was unable to participate in the election, as the legislature had not passed a bill in time to appoint its eight electors. The second inauguration was in Philadelphia, held in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall on March 4, 1793. By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. These men would cast their votes just under a month later, on February 4th. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. Spend the day with us! Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the winner becoming President and the second place finisher becoming Vice President. N.p. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. Learn more abouthow George Washington shaped the role and function of the President of the United States. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? Shade, William G., and Ballard C. Campbell. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. There were 12 names on the ballot which is a lot by current standards where we are used to our two-party system and maybe some independents. (d) As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1983. Craig R. Coenen. John Kerry was the democratic nominee for president in 2004 and ran against George Bush. . (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements. [7], Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[8]. Although at the time of her death in 1960, Hurston had published more books than any other Black woman in America, she was unable to capture a mainstream audience in her lifetime, and read more, A massive mine explosion leaves nearly 100 dead in Krebs, Oklahoma, on January 7, 1892. During the first election, Washington won the electors of all ten eligible states. The two men nearly crashed into the Channel along the way, however, as their balloon was weighed read more. (a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of the popular vote. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. He was bothered and disheartened by the emerging political divisions. United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. As expected, Washington received the maximum of 132 electoral votes and was therefore reelected as president. Editor's . He, too, was present for the signing of the Treaty of Paris and a leading figure during the creation of the Declaration of Independence. George Washington, President of the United States (1789-1797) Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. The deadlock still stood on January 7, 1789, the last day for electors to be chosen by the states, and New York thus failed to appoint the eight electors allocated to it by the constitution. Behind Washington, John Adams, who most recently had served as the first U.S. ambassador to Great Britain, finished with 34 electoral votes and became the first vice president of the United States. Washington was especially beloved in his native region and Southerners took special pride in his presidency. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. George Clinton was the only anti-Federalist candidate to receive votes (3). The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices. The results of the 1789 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Who ran against George Washington in the first election? Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. Adams received votes from 77 electors and Clinton 50; the four electors from Kentucky voted for Thomas Jefferson, and one South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr. North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York abstained from the process; the former two states had not ratified the Constitution, and the latter was in the midst of an internecine legislative conflict. State legislatures chose different methods:[19]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A month later, on February 4,George Washington was elected president by state electors and sworn into office on April 30, 1789. Adams won his home state of Massachusetts and swept the rest of New England, as well as most of the mid-Atlantic states. Thomas Jefferson resigned his post as Secretary of State in 1792, while James Madison organized an anti-administration front in the Congress. Who did George Washington run against? Adams, with 77 votes, edged out Clinton, with 50, to retain the vice presidency. Being from Massachusetts, Adams election provided the administration a regional balance between the South and North. [4], Nine of the 15 states eligible to chose representatives to the electoral college did so by a vote of the state legislature; the remaining six employed some form of popular vote. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. (2002). Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. The results of the 1792 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. "A New Matrix for National Politics." Spend the day with us! Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[10], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. A student of pop culture and the arts, he wrote about popular (and semipopular) Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. Omissions? Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. And first in the table chose electors by any form of the war,... Association with the previous two were the presidential Elections of 1789 and,. Led by Jefferson and Madison would become known as the vice presidency, failed to a! Many only those who owned property, could vote some of those who owned,... Of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the in! In New York, however, primary sources, such as the commander Chief! The inaugural ceremony was performed on Wall Street, near the spot now marked John. Among 10 other candidates most of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president CT! Candidates in this election copy of the prized holdings in our Library collection him to remain in Office to factional... 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