This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. This theory states that these social influences impact childrens development of gender understanding and identity (Bussey, 2014). It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. Within evolution-based theories, there are three schools of thought: sex-based explanations, kinship-based explanations, and socio-cognitive explanations. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. There are many factors that may lead to the patterns we see in gender socialization. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. All of these societal factors intersect and interact to influence a child's development, so much so that a child from a middle-class white family has many more opportunities than a child from a lower-income family of color. Show abstract. For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; Within this theory, it is assumed that children actively create their schemas about gender by keeping or discarding information obtained through their experiences in their environment (Dinella, 2017). Moreover, children in both theories learn about gender roles through observation. Which of these theories are NOT cognitive theories of gender development? Gender roles in development consist of biological, psychosexual, social learning and cognitive. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. Chapter 12 MC. 4.1.1.2. As theories have expanded, it has become clearer that socialization of gender occurs. Before we get into those areas, lets remember that we are talking about gender development. We begin to see boys and girls segregate in their play, based on gender, in very early years. Superordinate schemas guide information for gender groups whereas own-sex schemas guide information about ones own behaviors as it relates to their own gender group (Dinella, 2017). Cognitive influences on our gender can include who we consider our in- and out-groups, how those around us express or conceptualise gender and media's impact on gender roles. These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. People with Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. van Schalkwyk et al. 1182 Words5 Pages. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Clarify how biology may impact gender development through evolution, genetics, epigenetics, and learning. focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. For the purposes of this book, we are going to focus on how his theory specifically relates to gender development. 4.3.1. describe what cognitive approaches are in psychology. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. For example, in adolescence, boys tend to be more career focused whereas girls are focused on relationships (again, this aligns with the emphasis we see placed by educators on children based on their gender). Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. kohlberg's theory of gender development 16 marks. Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance, dependency and gentleness. And lastly, nondeclarative emotional learning involves the amygdala and hypothalamus. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Peers are strong influences regarding gender and how children play. To use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development, we must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, that it is something within our minds and not something biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Its 100% free. At what age do Martin and Halverson state children begin to develop a schema regarding their gender? The good thing about this theory is that it helps explain the thought processes behind Kohlberg's stages much more comprehensively. Even Disney movies tend to portray stereotyped roles for gender, often having a female in distress that needs to be saved by a male hero; although Disney has made some attempts to show women as more independent and assertive in more characters. Well, non-conforming gender behavior (e.g., boys playing with dolls, girls playing with trucks) is often ridiculed by peers and children may even be actively excluded. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Gender identity: refers to an individual's sense of their gender. This theory of gender suggests that a childs perception and development of their gender identity comes from a certain type of thought pattern called a schema. 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . Do you think it happens very young? This could be because staying with like-minded people, such as members of your gender, was much safer than spending time with people very dissimilar to you (e.g., an unfamiliar group) because they would not have much incentive to raise you and help you survive. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. Anxiety resulted in an individual developing interpersonal defense strategies (ways a person relates to others). Cognitive approaches to gender can be applied in nurseries to help children develop healthy gender identities and positive attitudes toward people with gender identities different from their own. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. These stages relate to their age and understanding of gender. Before we get started, we want you to ask yourself a few questions When do we begin to recognize and label ourselves as boy or girl, and why? the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. Think about the first moment someone says they are pregnant. Biological, Psychological, and Behavioral Gender Differences in Men and Women Discussing why Psychological and behavioral gender differences are due to the bi. This is specifically true for girls as young as 18-24 months; however, boys do not show this quite as early (Serbin,Poulin-Dubois, Colburne, Sen, & Eichstedt, 2001). Excellent question. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. In two studies, children had difficulty remembering nontraditional and opposite-sex stimuli even when given additional interpretations (e.g. You can also view an educational YouTube video that summarizes Davids case (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0) as well as a short clip from an Oprah show in which Davids family appears on (linked here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM). All focus on early childhood, that is, up until about seven years of age. In early childhood, peers are pretty direct about guiding gender-typical behaviors. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. Carl Jung proposes that the female gender identity develops through the Electra complex. Socially and culturally, clothing is symbolized identity for everyone. The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. Are there psychodynamic explanations for gender development. Social learning theory says that we learn certain behaviours and social roles (i.e. When a child's concept of gender is formed, their gender stability is established. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research Society has built particular images that display what a girl/boy should be like. Bem created one theory while Martin and Halverson created another, though we will not dive into the differences between these theories in this book (Dinella, 2017). True or false? Gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for males and females. He theorized that constancy happens first, which then allows for modeling to occur later (although the opposite is considered true in social cognitive theory). Moreover, when females are exposed to higher levels of testosterone, they engage in more male-typical play (e.g., preference for trucks over dolls, active play over quiet), rather than female-typical play compared to their counterparts (Hines et al., 2002; Klubeck, Fuentes, Kim-Prieto, 2017; Pasterski et al., 2005). Write by: . Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. gender labelling (ages 2-3), gender stability (age 4) and gender consistency (ages 6-7). If a female was disappointed by males in her family (such as her father or brother, etc. Some studies support this theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella in which 106 predominantly white children were shown stereotypical images of behaviours alongside neutral and non-stereotypical images. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. For example, if a girl did not like a block, she would indicate Only boys like blocks (Berk, 2004; Liben & Bigler, 2002). We have seen a slight shift in this in many media forms beginning in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. So how do peers socialize gender? We have the pattern XX (for a female) or XY (for a male) within this chromosome. These labels allow children to form in-groups and out-groups, in this case, boys and girls. As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Regarding biological theories, there tends to be four areas of focus. Research has shown that there is a genetic predisposition where gender is concerned. If a child's diet is insufficient or contains too many "empty calories," this may affect the child's growth and development processes. Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al. Furthermore, as children aged, mothers then affirmed childrens gender generalization statements when made. A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . Children get physical and psychological characteristics from their parents which becomes a part of their personalities. However, each theory has a slightly different perspective on how that may occur. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. If they are provided such, they will develop appropriately. The book's current empirical focus is complemented by a lively and readable style that includes anecdotes about children's everyday experiences. Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. vanessa2777. The unique cultural influences children respond to from birth, including customs and beliefs around food, artistic expression, language, and religion, affect the way they develop emotionally, socially, physically, and linguistically. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. 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