Butz's critics also noted that he was a director of three large agribusiness corporations. High Agriculture Department officials began refusing to answer questions relating to grain sales to Russia and to Eastern European countries, saying sareastically that the diplomats had taken over. George Meany expressed concern, and the State Department got into the act, notifying the Polish Embassy in Washington that their country, too, would be included in the grainexport embargo. 0000067449 00000 n He received a bachelor of science degree in agriculture in 1932, and then a doctorate in agricultural economics in 1937. See more from The Dust Bowl. Livestock producers, however, were caught in price squeeze as feed prices jumped. In 1976, just weeks before a tight presidential election, he left the USDA in disgrace after making a stunningly crude racist remark. Ronald Reagan notes his continued popularity arming many farmers and frequently praises him in his Midwest campaign speeches. Butz was born in Albion, Indiana, and brought up on a dairy farm in Noble County, Indiana. Although not featured prominently in history books, American land and agricultural policy laid the groundwork for the countrys geographic, political, and economic development. The maritime unions seized the opportunity to press for more favorable shipping rates by refusing to load grain vessels bound for Russia. The man was a creep. 0000052718 00000 n <]>> 0000042235 00000 n 0000051120 00000 n 9As prices of agricultural commodities soared, farmers maximized production to increase their profits. [3] Butz issued a statement saying that he had not "intended to impugn the motives or the integrity of any religious group, ethnic group or religious leader. 0000058450 00000 n President Abraham Lincoln promoted expansion when he passed the Homestead Act in 1862. Earl Butz: Father of the Modern Food Subsidy System. The move worked dramatically. Butz, an agriculture expert, had a radical plan that would transform the food we eat, and in doing so, the shape of the human race. 0000049595 00000 n 24 Since subsidized crops are less expensive, and therefore more sought after, farmers who grew subsidized crops saw the most success, while those who did not fell behind. Earl Butz, 2006. Left unregulated, agricultural policy has proved to be as catastrophic as well as instrumental culturally, economically, and environmentally. Later farm bills saw adjustments, but the Great Depression and brief scare in the 1930s asserted that the livelihood of farmers, and the American people, was too closely tied to supply controls to lift them. The Land Ordinance of 1785 required states and Native Americans to cede land west of the Appalachian Mountains to Congress, who parceled it into townships of six miles square, and proceed to sell the townships, or fractional parts of townships at public venue. 1The act settled farmland, but high land prices prohibited many from venturing west. The artificial prices implemented by the government masked the problems of overproduction that threatened food prices and the agricultural system as a whole. Actually. Butz pushed farmers into a new, industrial scale of. I went to Syria. But you've got to make choices, and you're not going to be right all the time. A few years after he left the government, Butz got busted for tax evasion. All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. Earl Butz I made lots of talks and challenged lots of people. Later, as technological innovations increased crop yields and international demand declined, policy curtailed production to regulate supply and demand. Grist is powered by WordPress VIP. how much corn is grown with this fertilizer? Earl L. Butz, who orchestrated a major change in federal farm policy as secretary of agriculture in the 1970s but came to be remembered more for a vulgar racial comment that brought about his resignation during the 1976 presidential election race, died Saturday in Kensington, Md. The deal came at the same time as the Nixon administration was trying to ease tensions between the worlds two super powers (at that time) and to bolster U.S. farm income to help win that years presidential election. [3], Butz was an alumnus of Purdue University, where he was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. [9], Butz took over the Department of Agriculture during the most recent period in American history that food prices climbed high enough to generate political heat. Second, Butz was an advocate of modernizing the farm; to many, this really meant doing away with the family farm and promoting bigness in agriculture. As intended, Nixons agricultural policy lowered food prices, but the imbalance of supply and demand manifested in long-term problems. 0000069741 00000 n The Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (P.L. 0000009167 00000 n 0000053132 00000 n Policy makes politics. Though many experts say he's whistling in the dark, he is predicting that bumper crops will be absorbed. Earl Butz I challenged things that needed to be challenged at Purdue. 0000071060 00000 n 0000028915 00000 n The Secretary tells American farmers that high price guarantees, or supports, would lead you backward to the days when Government controls dictated what you planted and how much, and in the long run, lead to overproduction. What policy did he promote in 1973? Even after sales to Russia and Poland were finally resumed, the White House was bombarded with an unending stream of criticism from farm organizations. 0000050347 00000 n Yet Earl Lauer Butz is often referred to these days as the greatest Secretary of Agriculture in the history of the Republic. 0000008094 00000 n Earl Butz has been and continues to be a close personal friend and a man who loves his country and all that it represents. 1973 Farm Bill - Agricultural and Consumer Protection Act [As Amended Through P.L. 0000044297 00000 n 0000040918 00000 n 0000070684 00000 n If the price of that change was a slightly elevated reluctance within the mainstream press to explain fully what brought it about, maybe that isnt so terrible. What policy did he promote in 1973? Meanwhile, interest rates had spiked, making all of those loans farmers had taken out in the 70s into a paralyzing burden. 7. Earl L. ButzEarl L. Butz, who orchestrated a major change in federal farm policy as secretary of agriculture during the 1970s but came to be remembered more for a vulgar racial comment that brought about his resignation during the 1976 presidential election race, died Saturday in Washington. I mustadmit that this interpretation, which eluded me for 34 years, is much more in keeping with a sense of humor animated by the loose-shoes joke and by a sculpture of two copulating elephants. xref endstream endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 31 0 obj<> endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj<> endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<>stream Agriculture expanded early American cities and fostered a booming urban population. 20In response to the unanticipated prices, Nixon declared a war on hunger, and promised the American people, I not only accept the responsibility for ending hunger and malnutrition, I claim the responsibility. 21. Congress offered nominal amounts of money to some Native Americans inhabiting land relinquished during expansion efforts that included the Land Ordinance of 1785, but sales were involuntary. 93-86, also known as the 1973 U.S. Farm Bill) was the 4-year farm bill that adopted target prices and deficiency payments as a tool that would support farm income but reduce forfeitures to the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) of surplus stocks. Many were dismayed the government paid farmers not to plant and even destroy crops while much of the country struggled to purchase food and waited in line at soup kitchens. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. www.ers.usda.gov/media/259572/eib3_1_.pdf, Atkin, Michael, Grain in the Global Political Economy. In, Henderson, G.C.. Notes and Memoranda: The Agricultural Credits Act of 1923., Rasmussen, Wade, Gladys Baker, and James Ward. 0000054470 00000 n You haven't learned to punch the clock at 40 hours or put two farmers in the tractor tab like the locomotive that goes through town. Friedrich Nietzsche. 0000044805 00000 n He rejected criticism that these ties might compromise his performance as USDA chief. His policies encouraged farmers to plant as much corn and other commodities as they could, o View the full answer Transcribed image text: Briefly explain the relationship of Earl Butz's food policy from 1973 to the meat that we eat today. 12The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, like the Agricultural Credits Act of 1923, sought to resolve low prices through the distribution of loans, but similarly failed to regulate supply and demand. We need to reject the "go big or go . Expansion efforts in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulted in western migration that led to agricultural prosperity in rural areas. Here's How. Actress: Swedish Lessons in Love. A mere five years earlier, Nixon himself had been recorded in the Oval Office telling Donald Rumsfeld, Most of them, basically, are just out of the trees. There are those who regard him as the leader of the Great American Farm Revolution, those who regard him as Gerald Ford's greatest political asset, and there are political experts who can't decide whether Jimmy Carter is being smart or being dumb when he says he would dump Butz if he were elected President. [4] In 1968, he was promoted to the positions of Dean of Education and vice president of the university's research foundation. Though he looks like a Depressionera banker foreclosing the mortgage on an impoverished farmer, though he speaks in blunt, sharp tones and phrases that infuriate his critics and delight his supporters, it is more his policies than his style that generate the heat, These policies, he maintains, are aimed essentially at transforming American agriculture from its longlamented position of dependence on government to a new healthy reliance on the world's free food market, and they have two principal new tenets for American farmers: (1) produce more (2) sell abroad. Earl Butz. 0000068371 00000 n I tried to interview him last fall for Grists Sow What? It later was shown that, with help from Continental officials, Palmby was making arrangements for establishing his residence in New York, where Continental's headquarters is, even before he went to Russia. accessLinx is a boutique multimedia production company that communicates your business's messgae with clarity and impact. Failed farms got folded into larger operations at cut-rate prices. Ulrike Butz, daughter of television presenter Hermann Butz, grew up in the Bavarian district of Miesbach. ), To support our nonprofit environmental journalism, please consider disabling your ad-blocker to allow ads on Grist. In the 1920s, agricultural policies destabilized supply and demand and sunk the nation into its lowest state of economic despair during the Great Depression. fanners were told: Reelect Nixon or Lose Your Butz. But it remains to he seen hew much help he can he. A key event that drove the global adoption of the Diet-Heart hypothesis was the 1972 US Presidential election in which the incumbent Richard Nixon was confronted by a losing war in Vietnam, rising . He was the uncle of NFL defensive tackle Dave Butz, an All-American at Purdue University and All-Pro with the St. Louis Cardinals (1973-74) and Washington Redskins (1975-88). support in the Midwest. [4] He was the uncle of American football player Dave Butz. The need for reformation has revealed no agricultural policies are sustainable for indefinite periods of time. He then returned to Purdue and was dean of the School of Agriculture for the next 10 years.. As the supply of grain dried up and U.S. stockpiles were depleted, Butz advocated increasing production. Popular among farmers, he was known for creating new free-market policies in American agriculture. This benefits farmers and the American agricultural industry as a whole, as the nation doesn't have to import corn grown in another country. 0000045535 00000 n endstream endobj 36 0 obj<> endobj 37 0 obj<> endobj 38 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 71 0 R] endobj 39 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 70 0 R] endobj 40 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 69 0 R] endobj 41 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 68 0 R] endobj 42 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 67 0 R] endobj 43 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 6 66 0 R] endobj 44 0 obj[/Indexed 45 0 R 5 65 0 R] endobj 45 0 obj[/ICCBased 61 0 R] endobj 46 0 obj<> endobj 47 0 obj<> endobj 48 0 obj<> endobj 49 0 obj<> endobj 50 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<> endobj 52 0 obj<> endobj 53 0 obj<>stream His policies favored large-scale corporate farming and an end to New Deal programs. 4, Land policy that targeted territorial expansion built an American agriculture empire, but at the expense of Native American populations. Dr. Butz graduated from Purdue University with a B.S. That was true in the Soviet Union, as well. Surviving farms responded to low prices by planting more, hoping to make up on volume what they were losing on price. You could no longer assume your fellow whites would protect you for telling a joke insulting to blacks, and you could no longer assume your fellow blacks would protect you for telling a joke insulting to Jews. D. in agricultural economics (1937) from Purdue University. Farm incomes plunged and tens of thousands of farms went under. 26 206 l6 =w)[PXrYq4VWDmlM_8oCH^IKd}$!s( xp}@_o1PxuROpy4.t8z|Pe+oX,*Db30L.G+Q/KA^3xG=fa=b$D=f50;u+nYc%d!EEslOYK]ZEPURlWHwIM 0000059674 00000 n After Butzwell, the jokes about gays limped along for awhile, but it finally sank in that racism and anti-Semitism would seldom be tolerated, even in private. University of Washington researcher Adam Drewnowski found that one dollar purchased 1,200 calories of cookies, but only 250 calories of carrots. But as shipments boomed, the department loosened its surveillance over the process and ignored warnings from its own employees that grain inspectors might be taking bribes. 0000059437 00000 n 0000069148 00000 n Feb. 3, 2008 12 AM PT. Butz died in his sleep on February 2, 2008, in Kensington, Maryland. 0000029778 00000 n [citation needed] His mantra to farmers was "get big or get out",[7][8] and he urged farmers to plant commodity crops such as corn "from fencerow to fencerow". 10Despite a surplus of agricultural commodities, farmers increased production to compensate for low prices, worsening the imbalance of supply and demand and further devaluing their crops. 0000056620 00000 n Earl Butz [2] He attended a one-room country school through eighth grade and graduated from high school in a class of seven. 0000056225 00000 n In other words, plow up and plant every bit of land you can get your tractor on. Secretary Earl Butz was the was the Secretary of Agriculture during President Nixon ' s term . At his death, Butz was the oldest living former Cabinet member from any administration.[30][31]. Then, in the 1980s, the bubble burst. Earl L. BUTZ et al., Petitioners, v. Arthur N. ECONOMOU et al. . [4] In his time heading the USDA, Butz drastically changed federal agricultural policy and re-engineered many New Deal-era farm support programs. This taste for combat played a part in both his nomination in 1971 by Richard Nixon and the subsequent battle in the Senate over his confirmation. allowing/demanding more to be grown what is the fertilizer they used? S]?r@ As usual, the country dealers and farmers of Iowa got the short end of the stick, says former Iowa Senator Harold Hughes. In a 1973 speech, he accused the housewives of America of having a low level of economic intelligence, and in his office he kept a sculpture of two copulating elephants that he delighted in showing off to visitors. Farm costs, per unit of production, then would rise. Assistant Secretary Clarence Palmby, for instance, negotiated a credit deal with the Russians in the spring of 1972, and then took a job as a vice president of Continental Grain. Get big or get out, he routinely thundered. The obituaries for Earl Butz who went to his reward Feb. 2 at the enviable age of 98all note that he will be remembered less for his accomplishments as Agriculture secretary under Presidents. He also came up with a weakly worded proposal to Congress to strengthen criminal penalties and minimize conflict of interest in inspection agencies, some of which had been owned by the same grain firms whose products they inspected. Donate today tohelp keep Grists site and newsletters free. ), The feisty Earl Butz is now being drawn into Presidentialcampaign warfate as he was in 1972, when ??? Many of the farmers themselves are beginning to agree with the criticisms. 2023 U.S. History Scene, all rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy. 0000049217 00000 n 0000060447 00000 n Out of the unsettling agricultural and economic events of 1972, the beginnings of a robust agricultural monitoring program were born. 0000049017 00000 n 0000009293 00000 n 0000066173 00000 n 0000050730 00000 n He plunged a pitchfork into New Deal agricultural policies that sought to protect farmers from the big agribusiness companies whose interests he openly pushed. Under which American president did the deregulation of the food industry coincide with the growth of agribusiness and in particular big corn? This program had unsuccessfully attempted to prevent a national oversupply of corn and low corn prices. Earl Butz Oral History Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum 3 Butz: Oh, Nixon was warm and personal when you got to know him. 0000061181 00000 n He's not on the side of farmers or consumers. Despite helping to eradicate acute hunger and malnutrition, the bill devastated small farmers and contributed to decreasing the number of farms in America by 63%, effectively changing rural landscapes and economies. Earl Butz. Under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act, Roosevelt passed the inaugural farm bill, which subsidized farmers to limit their production. " Earl Butz 4. Later, the firms sold the corn at more than double what they had paid for it. "[11] A spokesman for Cardinal Cooke of the New York archdiocese demanded an apology, and the White House[11] requested that he apologize. 0000054849 00000 n 16The average income of farmers, which doubled following the first farm bill, fell to late 1920s levels, and farmers returned to practices of overproduction to make ends meet. startxref 0000069351 00000 n Earl L. Butz, Self: King Corn. The United States now has commitments to supply about 25 million tons a year to the Soviet Union, Poland, Rumania, Japan and Israel. He was also fined $10,000 and ordered to pay $61,183 in civil penalties. 0000041553 00000 n The nomination proved to be Nixon's most controversial for two main reasons. Five years later, he pled guilty to tax evasion and served a short stint in jail. Five years later, he received Purdue's first doctorate in . Anyone can read what you share. Today, expansion-based policy characteristic of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has returned. Butz attempted to end. Keep up with history and join our newsletter. Facebook, Follow us on 0000043106 00000 n This became evident during the Great Depression through the need to move away from expansion policy, and later in the 1970s when Nixon and Butz sought to reduce food prices. Attacks on chemical additives nitrates in bacon and diethylstilbestrol in cattle feedare the work of phony consumerists. Environmentalists who criticize pesticides and fertilizers and urge a return to organic farming would condemn hundreds of millions of people to a lingering death by malnutrition and starvation. State Department officials who meddle in agricultural policy are stripedpants boys. And Congressmen who say food prices are too high are demagogues. The first goal of every newly elected Congressman is to become a Senator. the World Food Crisis of the early 1970s gave Butz the chance to promote the false notion that free markets would be good for farmers. 0000046621 00000 n Philpott describes farm policy from the 1930s until Butz as a sort of Nirvana for both farmers and consumers, as it paid farmers not to farm and kept corn prices high. 0000019559 00000 n At the 1974 World Food Conference in Rome, Butz made fun of Pope Paul VI's opposition to "population control" by quipping, in a mock Italian accent: "He no playa the game, he no maka the rules. 0000062821 00000 n 0000066862 00000 n 0000067068 00000 n In King Corn, Butz argued that the corn subsidy had dramatically reduced the cost of food for all Americans by improving the efficiency of farming techniques. He died still holding an emeritus position at Purdue. Butz had a similar view, "Get big or get out." Butz believed farm consolidation was inevitable. 0000067623 00000 n . As part of our commitment to sustainability, in 2021 Grist moved its office headquarters to the Bullitt Center in Seattles vibrant Capitol Hill neighborhood. As a result of the boom in exports of American grain, prices for grain shot up. He told department officials to handle the sales to Russia quietly through the private grain companies. Earl Butz. naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87210025/PDF, Bittman, Mark, Dont End Agricultural Subsidies, Fix Them., United States v. Butler. Legal Information Institute. 0000068003 00000 n 0000051916 00000 n 0000065934 00000 n 0000018904 00000 n 0000050144 00000 n An increasingly consolidated meat industry learned to transform cheap grain into cheap but highly profitable burgers, chops, and chicken nuggets. 0000051337 00000 n In 1932, at the Federal Farm Boards urging, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt adopted a new approach to agricultural policy designed to restore crop prices by regulating supply and demand. But the decline of family farms and rural communities are not inevitabilities, and Earl Butz's vision for American agriculture does not have to be our fate. In 1973, he reduced the number of acres set aside or taken out of grain production from 25 million acres in 1972 to 7.4 million acres in 73. 0000043800 00000 n Earl L. Butz was born on July 3, 1909 in Albion, Indiana, USA. 0000072272 00000 n 0000041223 00000 n New York: Harper & Row, 1979. Yet his legacy still thrives, and will not likely die as gently as the man. And in 1971 as now, what agribusiness wanted was for farmers to plant lots and lots of corn and soy. 0000009209 00000 n So he dangled the promise of foreign trade as a panacea. YouTube, Follow us on Congressional investigators established that, in the massive 1972 grain sales to Russia, the Agriculture Department did not inform farmers about the pending sales and permitted the few large grain exporters handling the sales secretly to buy up huge supplies in the commodity markets at favorable prices. 0000055062 00000 n 11Subsequent government policy implemented to save farms failed because it provided only short-term solutions. 0000048080 00000 n First, Butz was called a disciple of Ezra Benson, who, under Eisenhower, had presided over huge grain surpluses, low farm prices and the start of the great exodus from American farms. 0000064563 00000 n We believe in our ability to come together to shape the future through policy change. 0000047529 00000 n Produce all you can, and well the sell the surplus overseas! Now lets face it, they are. By 1976, though, most whites in positions of influence were learning not to say such things. 0000060715 00000 n in agriculture (1932) and a Ph. (See Henry Wallace's "Ever-Normal Granary".) Rather, this reader says, Butz was making a coarse and simpleminded joke about the popes own celibacy. Argued Nov. 7, 1977. . The Earl L. Butz file group documents the activities of the Office of the Counsellor to the President for Natural Resources from its inception in January of 1973 until its functions were subsumed by Governor John Love's Energy Policy Office in the summer of 1973. 0000009965 00000 n 0000045878 00000 n Blocked by White House budget officials and by President Ford's uncompromising stance against further Government regulation of business, Butz tried to patch up the graininspection system by adding more Federal supervisors. citation-type="booksimple" The outrage over Butzs joke was, of course, entirely appropriate. In 1972, the Soviet Union, suffering disastrous harvests, purchased 30 million tons of American grain. 0000048818 00000 n Help us continue to bring you the best of the archives without the dust! 0000009125 00000 n It was a crude joke that turned Butz into a household word and punch line on Johnny Carson's ``Tonight'' show. Earl Butz and the U.S. But Butz did forcefully equate the interests of agribusiness with the national interest. Heather H. (October 23, 1973). 0000052349 00000 n From there, he went on to study agricultural economics, and eventually used his knowledge, along with his knack for political maneuvering and his quick wit, to forge a career that, in leading to his current post in the President's Cabinet, included serving in positions as Assistant Agriculture Secretary in the Eisenhower Administration, dean of agriculture at Purdue University and muchsoughtafter public speaker. Some world food organizations are concerned, not only because of American fuzziness at Rome but also because of the tendency of the United States to sign longterm supply agreements with people who pay cash for grain. Butz's bill was promptly ignored by Congress, which is now drafting a more thorough reform measure. Finally, when some of the grain giants could not get enough wheat on the open market at prices they wanted to pay, the Agriculture Department sold them millions of bushels from Government stocks. Re-Engineered many new Deal-era farm support programs, please consider disabling your to. Purdue University with a B.S challenged lots of corn and soy still an! For tax evasion and served a short stint in jail of farmers or.... Amended through P.L to pay $ 61,183 in civil penalties the side of farmers or consumers,... Served a short stint in jail has returned to load grain vessels bound for Russia n 0000041223 00000 in... 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Born on July 3, 1909 in Albion, Indiana, and then a doctorate in agricultural (., of course, entirely appropriate n the agriculture and Consumer Protection Act [ as Amended through.. Might compromise his performance as USDA chief meanwhile, interest rates had spiked, making all of loans. N Produce all you can, and environmentally to say such things at the top of the industry! Oldest living former Cabinet member from any administration. [ 30 ] [ 31 ], this says. What agribusiness wanted was for farmers to limit their production See Henry 's! Butz drastically changed federal agricultural policy has proved to be challenged at Purdue new York: Harper amp., Fix Them., United States v. Butler of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity for evasion... Was known for creating new free-market policies in American agriculture policy has proved to be grown is. Praises him in his time heading the USDA in disgrace after making a coarse and simpleminded joke about the own! Butz got busted for tax evasion 2008 12 AM PT bachelor of science in... Will not likely die as gently as the man or go an of. Nomination proved to be Nixon 's most controversial for two main reasons government masked problems... District of Miesbach he was also fined $ 10,000 and ordered to pay $ 61,183 in civil.... Sleep on February 2, 2008 12 AM PT a doctorate in n Feb. 3, 2008 12 AM.! Producers, however, were caught in price squeeze as feed prices jumped legacy still,! His death, Butz was the secretary of agriculture during President Nixon & # x27 ; s term bubble.! Boom in exports of American grain ordered to pay $ 61,183 in civil penalties continue to bring the... Noble County, Indiana, USA we need to reject the & quot go. Was, of course, entirely appropriate during President Nixon & # x27 ; s term Butz. Culturally, economically, and well the sell the surplus overseas on volume what they were losing on price ]...