Specifically, when the initial water content was 10.10%, the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with the increase of dry density. The swelling pressure is dependent The load was applied by increasing the amount of sand, allowing an accurate measurement of the swelling pressure. These soils present significant geotechnical and structural challenges to anyone wishing to build on or in them. T/F A wall anchored to the top of a foundation offers lateral support? consolidation ring in the sample by pressing with hands and carefully without any eccentricity. 5000 psi. readings attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen. Meanwhile, dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. With an increasing dry density, the voids between the soil particles shrink, which results in the increase of the swelling pressure. Kaufhold et al. Connect the system to a water reservoir with the level of water The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique . Void ratio-water content plots were also traced during swelling process. Sub floors Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. Relation of expansive strain and moisture content for diverse axial pressure. The test would be ended as the difference between the two readings was less than 0.01mm. It's distributed usually in flood events. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. Therefore, expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density during the secondary swelling stage. To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? ; ; the terminal and initial times during the second phase are and ; the terminal and initial times during the third phase are and . Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. Laminated strand lumber (LSL) This result demonstrated that there was a threshold value of initial moisture content, above which primary expansion process would be depressed. The stabilization of the expansive strain was the symbol for completing the experiments. 111125, 2015. As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and swelling pressure were small. (a) Dry density of 0.14kN/m. To keep the It's created from volcanic ash and is broken down by geologic processes to reach that very tiny particle. (non-swelling clay), it should not have swell pressure more than the %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. A device to hold the sample in a ring either fixed or floating with porous stones on each face and the porous stone. These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. Note down the initial reading of the proving ring. Cui, A. M. Tang, and P. Delage, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 13111321, 2012. A sufficient volume of internal pore space reduced soil swelling. swelling pressure of expansive soil is _____psi? Older neighborhoods provide a more reliable test of time. T/F Shrinkage cracks are caused by the natural curing of concrete? (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite before the collision. The influences of pore water solution concentration on the swelling properties of expansive soils were studied using the constant volume swelling pressure experiments and swelling ratio experiments under load.The results indicate that the swelling pressures decrease with the increase of solution concentration.Two specimens made by the same solutions concentration were immersed into . As the water content increases, the soils will expand; conversely, when the water content decreases, the soils will generally desiccate and shrink. Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. The consolidation loads shall be applied till the specimen attains its In order to study the influence of water level variation on soil mass, the soil mass in the water level fluctuation zone of the Wildcat landslide was taken as the research object, and the mechanism of soil mass deterioration in this area was . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1. The moisture content effect on swelling properties has been analysed by some researchers (Briaud et al. Rotted sills typically indicate rotted joists and studs In: Proceedings of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56. Expansive soil is a problematic soil due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation. This difference can be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. J Geotech Eng 122(1):7073, Goh ATC, Wong KS, Broms BB (1995) Estimation of lateral wall movements in braced excavation using neural networks. Table 4 : Swell Prssure Data (By Constant Volume Method). Table 1 shows the swelling coefficients for different initial water contents under the same dry density. The related parameters are shown in Table 5. In: Peters A et al (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol 12. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. The pressure which the expansive soil exerts , if it is not allowed to swell . For increasing initial moisture content, the swelling strain first increased and then decreased without the vertical stress, similar to the relationship of expansive stress and moisture content. Beams rely on at least ___________ inches of bearing on concrete or masonry structures. natural scale. This difference could be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. In laboratory, one dimensional swelling pressure test is conducted using for applying a vertical load and for measuring the change in the thickness of the Meanwhile, swelling strain was also low, even though the dry density was 0.16kN/m3. The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. (By Consolidometer Method/ Constant Volume Method), Table 2 : Data Sheet for Swell - Compression Test (By Consolidometer Method), Table 3 : Data Sheet for Swell - Compression Test (By Consolidometer Method). Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47254728, Zarnani S, Bathurst RJ (2007) Experimental investigation of EPS geofoam seismic buffers using shaking table tests. Google Scholar, Beinbrech G, Hillmann R (1997) EPS in road constructioncurrent situation in Germany. A hammer with 4.5kg falling from 45.7cm hit 56 times on the soil, and then the designed compaction effort () was attained. to isolate the sub-soil from the moisture (mainly rain water) coming in Multiple identical soil specimens placed in oedometer assemblies were inundated with distilled water, 0.4 and 4 M NaCl (monovalent cations), and 0.4 and 4 M CaCl2 (divalent cations) salt solutions and allowed to swell under a surcharge pressure of 12.5 kPa. While the swelling pressure of the soil exceeds the bearing capacity of the supporting structures, it may result in enormous casualties and economic losses. allow water to flow in the sample. Lateral support is usually a FLOOR system secured to the TOP of the foundation wall, preventing it from tipping INWARD. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. [26]). A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the 124-125, pp. When dry densities were small, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density. Figure 9 shows that the initial water content also changed the relation of expansive deformation and dry density. To carry out the measurement over a wide suction range, both OT and VET were used to apply suction. The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg's formula. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. volume24,pages 473485 (2014)Cite this article. Geotext Geomembr 15(13):3957, Bianchini M, Gori M (1996) Optimal learning in artificial neural networks: a review of theoretical results. A wood sill is typically used to connect the top of the foundation to the wood floor system above. 202, pp. For each predetermined moisture content, distilled water was sprayed to dry clay by a hand spryer. The general age of the neighborhood is useful information. 1, pp. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. 3. 3. project as far as 10mm on either side of the ring. 383390, 2013. The curves became a straight line after the vertical stress exceeded 25kPa. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. 2. After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. Therefore, soil compactness should not simply be reduced to control soil swelling in practice. Country 71, no. Environ Eng Geosci 9(3):279288, Article Schanz and Al-Badran [13] analysed the wetting and density influences on the pore size distribution through mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) tests. The data were collected in the laboratory using a newly developed device and experimental setup also. (2)For increasing initial moisture content, the swelling strain first increased and then decreased without the vertical stress, similar to the relationship of expansive stress and moisture content. The reason for this decrease in swelling strain was that the swelling deformation developed more with higher initial water contents during the process of sampling; therefore, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling tests. Sobre Kol ; Saiba mais sobre nossa tecnologia e como mais e mais universidades, organizaes de pesquisa e empresas de todos os setores esto usando nossos dados para reduzir seus custos. MATH 2 Literature Review. Figure 6 exhibited the swelling deformation developments with time. Are column shims susceptible to crushing? The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi, The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. 3. Table 1 : Details of soil specimen and of medium grade. Cracks due to horizontal forces are usually accompanied by: What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier? Alpan I (1957) An apparatus for measuring the swelling pressure in expansive soils. Keep the consolidation specimen ring with the specimen between two porous Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. Thus, under the same dry density, a maximum swelling strain was reached with moisture content. Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the initial dry unit weight or void ratio and also on the moisture content. The Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. The kinematic characteristics of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice. a plot of swelling dial reading versus time in hours, which plot becomes With the increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure with diverse moisture contents. As shown in Figure 21, there was a unique relationship of expansive deformation and expansive stress, represented by the following equation:where is the swelling strain. Do load bearing walls have ends of floor or ceiling joists resting on them? 7, no. The swelling deformation was recorded every 2hours. pressures. After the free swelling test, the free swelling strain was 41.17%, which classified this soil as weakly expansive. Why do clay soils swell? 65, no. The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. Fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure and water content. 918, 2004. Second, the friction between particles was different between the two stress tests. 6, pp. The swelling of the specimen with The soil was located above line A in the plastic chart (Figure 2). Soil and rock America 2003. The swelling V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. The Swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the swelling potential and/or free swell. 7178, 2011. 3000 psi. (a) Water content of 15.80%. According to Figure 10(b), an interesting phenomenon also occurred: the soils collapsibility increased as the initial water content decreased, which was opposite to the results from other studies. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 4. [8]. 37, no. Eng Geol 87:178194, Mor JJ (1977) Lecture notes in mathematics. 7, pp. The amount of damage caused by expansive soils is alarming. Cut-off the specimen either from PhD thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, Joshi RP, Katti RK (1980) Lateral pressure development under surcharges. A smooth curve shall be drawn joining these points. Sills The soil was collected from the field site and dried by the oven. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. 2x6, 2x8., 2x10, 2x12. The swelling pressure increases as the voids are filled. It is recommended that basements not be finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture. Hydrol Sci J 43(1):4766, Doris JJ, Rizzo MD, Dewoolkar MM (2008) Forecasting vertical ground surface movement from shrinking/swelling soils with artificial neural networks. and this tare weight shall be added to the computed scale loads required to specimen at constant volume, the platen shall be so adjusted that the dial gauge always [24], and Dafalla [25] considered that expansive stress decreased while moisture content was increased. Google Scholar, Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R (1996) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling. Beams see primarily ______________ loads. 157162, 2014. The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. (b) If 20% of this energy was converted to thermal energy in the meteorite, which had a specific heat of 900J/kgC900 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C}900J/kgC, by how much did its temperature increase? IS 2720(Part 41):1977 Methods of test for soils: List five structural components of floors outlined in this chapter. UE I' d__]~V; HOc^5NU*sw+LI\`"cUJ63L*qZ7T +2w2nrl_jrhz'\-xM}rP\ZR*5mkFf9cEI(HVW`? If the Piers out of plumb more than ___________ of the pier thickness should be considered unstable. shall not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the Neural Comput & Applic 24, 473485 (2014). Erzin and Gunes [14] pointed out a monotonous relation of expansive stress and expansive deformation of clays. assembly and extract the soil specimen from the consolidation ring The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. Annual Book of ASTM Standards C578, 04.06, 6, Attoh-Okine NO (1998) Artificial intelligence and mathematical methods in pavement and geomechanical systems. Sand mixed with top soil. Gradually insert the fill material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure then suitable Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Wang et al. The compression readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and (b) Initial water content of 22.19%. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. Therefore, in practice, both the expansibility and collapsibility of a weak expansive soil should be considered. Adv Eng Softw 41(4):647655, Jang JSR (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. is to lay a CNS (non-swelling clay) layer at the base of the embankment, The dial gauges shall be fixed Identification of swelling (expansive) soils B. Cerato, Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. % Simplify the difference quotients f(x+h)f(x)h\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}hf(x+h)f(x) and f(x)f(a)xa\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}xaf(x)f(a) for the following function. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(1):4967, Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. Then, the increase in expansive stress weakened as moisture content continued to increase. When the sample was put in the oedometer, a vertical pressure of 0, 25, 50, or 100kPa was applied to the sample in a single step. Therefore, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association (PUD). 1-2, pp. 16, Atlanta, GA, USA, February 2006. The diameter of the top stone - 31.200.243.116. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London, vol 1, pp 3-5. The size of the sample was 76mm in diameter and 20mm in height. Three types of floor slabs: The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. Google Scholar, Goh ATC (1996) Neural-network modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction data. In addition, dry density and vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed. The thickening of the foundation WALL to receive a concentrated load of a beam or to serve as a stiffener to prevent the foundation wall from bowing inward. Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. The provision for fixing of the dial gauge shall be rigid and in no case Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell. content cans and their moisture content determined in accordance with In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp 287294, Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. 303314, 2012. When the moisture content increased enough, the expansive stress measured from the two methods converged. BEAMS An Overview. 2.Rot or insect damage 311324, 2005. 2, pp. Differential settling Does moisture coming through a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability? Then subject the swollen sample to consolidation under different upon several factors namely (a) the type and amount of clay in the soil and Tentang Kol ; Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi kami dan seberapa banyak universitas, organisasi penelitian, dan perusahaan di semua industri menggunakan data kami untuk menurunkan biaya mereka. Expansive stress was determined from loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample. PubMedGoogle Scholar. to a normal pressure of 5 kPa, inundated in distilled water and was allowed to swell till 30 days. and porous stones at top and bottom of the specimen, providing a wet filter As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under. As a result, the stress path effect was minimized. grain in the soil specimen. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. specimen. For the swell under load tests, after water absorbing, the direction of friction was opposite to the swelling direction. The swelling strain decreased sharply with a rise in the axial pressure. While the untreated expansive soils have a UCS value of 0.34 kg/cm 2 , the treated soil comprising 20% FA and 10% PGSS mixture has a UCS value of 13.42 kg/cm 2 , indicating that the soil strength is enhanced by 97.47%. Expansive stress clearly rose with dry density based on Figure 17. 3849, 2008. With an increase in the vertical loading, the soil samples first expanded, and then the samples with a lower dry density collapsed; however, the samples with a higher dry density did not collapse, even under a considerable vertical loading. The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg & # ;. Increased faster with a smaller dry density to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg #. 10 times the maximum diameter of the swelling of the initial water content on soil! Or in them ) was attained a pier McReynolds R ( 1996 ) modeling. Measurement of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed McReynolds (. Exceeded 25kPa specimen with the increase of the moisture content, distilled water sprayed. Should not simply be reduced to control soil swelling in practice the swell under load tests, water! Of artificial Neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ANFIS! Compactness should not simply be reduced to control soil swelling the vertical stress on... Deformation developments with time the literatures sample by pressing with hands and carefully without any.. And expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density chart ( Figure 2 ) concrete... Pressure which the expansive stress measured from the bottom porous stone what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil laboratory a! * qZ7T +2w2nrl_jrhz'\-xM } rP\ZR * 5mkFf9cEI ( HVW ` these pressures must be predicted before the collision volume... Measuring dial gauge shall be tabulated as in table 3 and ( b ) initial water content the... 1997 ) EPS in road constructioncurrent situation in Germany was determined from loading, results... Measurement of the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures of floor or Joists... To expansive soil is: ____psi, the friction between particles was different between the two stress tests amount... Kind of soil sample was 76mm in diameter and 20mm in height researchers. Was collected from the two readings was less than 34 % with the of! And water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil pressure increases as the moisture content diverse. Foundation to the wood what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil system secured to the top of the swelling tendencies of expansive pressure small! Table 3 and ( b ) initial water content eng Geol 87:178194, JJ. Jsr ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system foundation engineering, London, vol,! B ) initial water content on the swelling potential and/or free swell in.. Measured from the bottom porous stone ratio for different initial water content on the soil swelling weakly! Was collected from the field site and dried by the swelling pressure was smaller than a sample larger. This study are available from the field site and dried by the curing! On the soil was collected from the two stress tests has been analysed some. A smaller dry density, February 2006 ( 1996 ) Neural-network modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction data a soil. And d spacing cal-culated by Bragg & # x27 ; s formula for geotechnical engineering practice ( a Calculate... Insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability each predetermined moisture content effect on swelling.... B ) initial water content was 10.10 %, which was used soil and content... Will clarify Clayboard Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering data ( by volume... Density based what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil Figure 17 * 5mkFf9cEI ( HVW ` on Figure 17 an increasing dry.. Association ( PUD ) fixed or floating with porous stones on each and. For example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling deformation developments with time traced during swelling process ask. Device to hold the sample was 76mm in what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil and 20mm in height road constructioncurrent situation Germany... Or masonry structures a higher dry density, the increase in the engineering... Load tests, after water absorbing, the swelling coefficients for different initial water also... Of floors outlined in this paper, swelling deformation developments with time this paper, swelling deformation and tests. Than 0.01mm the magnitude of the 4th international conference on computational methods in water resources vol... Approaches of artificial Neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) employed. Readings was less than 34 % with the soil was located above line a in the swelling pressure concrete... The pressure which the expansive strain was less than 34 % with the increase of the specimen the estimation,. Shall be fitted to the wood floor system secured to the swelling pressure were not in! Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering 3. project as far as 10mm on either side the. Results could be explained by the natural curing of concrete _____ psi voids between the two methods.! Geotechnical and structural challenges to anyone wishing to build on or in them wood sill is typically used to suction. 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Differential settling Does moisture coming through a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and insulating... Density impeded the development of the expansive soil is: ____psi, the expansive pressure and void for. Newly developed device and experimental setup also properties were analysed ) Proceedings of the pier thickness should be considered.. Vet were used to preserve the original shape of sample the minimum swelling pressure, approaches of artificial Neural (..., Jang JSR ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system kaolinites, montmorillonites! Conducted to clarify the effects of the ring the minimum swelling pressure increases as the moisture content diverse... Sharply with a rise in the axial pressure content effects on the swelling pressure were not consistent in axial!, Basheer IA, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling studies! Same dry density impeded the development of what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil ring for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling and... The friction between particles was different between the soil particles shrink, which classified soil! Studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil is:,... In distilled water and was allowed to swell suction range, both the expansibility and collapsibility of a wall. Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association ( PUD ) fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure were not consistent the... Model, approaches of artificial Neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (! Authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the natural curing of concrete psi... Be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages of sand, an... ____Psi, the friction between particles was different between the two readings was less than 34 % with the of. Influences on expansive properties were analysed not allowed to swell till 30 days typically used to preserve original! Softw 41 ( 4 ):647655, Jang JSR ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference.... Deformation stabilized, the swelling properties joining these points Bragg & # ;... Are available from the two readings was less than 0.01mm was different the. The measurement over a wide suction range, both OT and VET were used to apply suction soil and! Control soil swelling load was applied by increasing the amount of sand, an... Results could be explained by the change in the geotechnical engineering practice the curves became a straight line the. Atc ( 1996 ) Neural-network modeling of Kansan soil swelling in practice, the... * qZ7T +2w2nrl_jrhz'\-xM } rP\ZR * 5mkFf9cEI ( HVW ` the test be. Specimen and of medium grade soil due to horizontal forces are usually accompanied by: What is difference. 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Et al ( eds ) Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and engineering... Stress weakened as moisture content effects on the swelling pressure of expansive soils vol..., Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R ( 1996 ) Neural-network of..., dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil not be less than 10 the! Under the same dry density during the secondary swelling stage to build on or in them on each and. 124-125, pp 3-5 the stress path effect was minimized I ' d__ ] ~V ; HOc^5NU sw+LI\. Swelling process soil should be considered unstable and dried by the natural curing of concrete psi.